1. 粮农组织-新闻文章 ︰ 中国和粮农组织加强南南合作

潘淑春

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Government of the People's Republic of China have announced plans to intensify their partnership in south-south cooperation activities, FAO announced today. After decades of successful collaboration, China and FAO have agreed to broaden the scope of their cooperation, building on their achievements to further promote rural development worldwide. A new Memorandum of Understanding on the Strategic Cooperation on Agriculture and Food Security, agreed Saturday, will pave the way for this. The MoU will facilitate Chinese assistance to other countries through China's Belt and Road Initiative and further afield with other countries in Africa and Latin America. "This comprehensive partnership between China and FAO opens the door for closer collaboration to work together on transboundary diseases, agricultural value chain development, innovative science and technology to combat climate change, and further development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)," said FAO Director-General, José Graziano da Silva. The Director-General made the remarks today following a meeting with China's Minister of Agriculture, Han Changfu. Minister Han noted that the G20 Countries had just last week highlighted the importance of promoting ICT in agricultural applications and he looked forward to the Director-General's leadership in this area. The new agreement between FAO and China aims to build on more than 40 years of collaboration between the two, which in recent years has delivered successful initiatives in South-South Cooperation for food security and nutrition. China has been one of the largest contributors to the SSC, both in financial terms and through sharing its own extensive experience, knowledge and technologies with other countries. For its part, FAO has provided technical support to more than 400 agricultural projects benefiting tens of millions of people across China. China has much to offer the world Signed in Xi'an, the historic starting point of the Silk Road that allowed silk, horses, gold and ideas to flow between East Asia and Europe, the new MoU will promote the complementarities between FAO's Strategic Programmes and Regional Initiatives and China's "Belt and Road Initiative", a vast infrastructure investment programme linking Asia and Europe and extending to Oceania and East Africa. "China has much to offer to all developing countries in the world in terms of agriculture and food security," Graziano said, pointing to the example of an ancient farming system where farmers in Zhejiang Province combine rice farming with aquaculture, literally growing fish in their flooded paddy fields. The rice paddies offer protection and organic food for the fish. In return the fish soften the soil, provide nutrients and oxygen for the rice and consume insects and weeds that are harmful to the rice. The rice-fish system has been in existence for one-thousand years and was designated a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by FAO. "China's experience with GIAHS is remarkable and could be a source of inspiration to many countries," Graziano concluded. Since 1990, China has successfully lifted 138 million people out of chronic hunger and reached the World Food Summit Goal, in addition to reaching the Millennium Development Goal of halving the prevalence of hunger ahead of the 2015 deadline. There is a mutual understanding that the MoU will be beneficial not only for both parties, but also for many developing countries in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to reach the goal of zero hunger worldwide within this generation.

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发布时间: 2016-06-08

2. 405纳米可见光对鸡皮肤的空肠弯曲菌的生存和不锈钢的影响

潘淑春

Campylobacter spp. are foodborne pathogens responsible for a significant portion of human cases of bacterial-mediated gastrointestinal disease. A primary method for the introduction of Campylobacter into the food supply is through poultry products. Reducing the number of Campylobacter on poultry products may reduce the incidence of human disease. Research has been conducted on the use of light to inactivate Campylobacter on poultry products and processing environments. More recently, the use of high intensity visible 405-nm light has been proposed for the elimination of pathogenic bacteria. This study investigated the ability of 405-nm light to reduce Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry products. Campylobacter in chicken exudate were placed onto chicken skin or food-grade stainless steel before treatment with 405-nm light. A range of 405-nm light doses were applied to cocktails of six C. jejuni or six C. coli strains in exudate at 10°C to minimize thermal effects. Little difference was observed between inactivation of C. jejuni and C. coli on poultry skin with only minor average reductions of 1.7 logs and 2.1 logs, respectively, at the maximal dose of 184–186 J/cm2. More noticeable differences were observed when the samples were placed on stainless steel and treated with a dose of 89 J/cm2, producing an average reduction of 3.0 logs for C. coli but only 1.1 logs for C. jejuni. The maximal dose (181–183 J/cm2) applied to Campylobacter on stainless steel produced significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions for C. jejuni and C. coli of 4.9 logs and 5.1 logs, respectively. However, significant 405-nm-mediated reductions in Campylobacter numbers required exposure times to achieve necessary dose levels that might be impractical under processing conditions. In addition, the most potent exposure times likely produced secondary thermal effects by raising sample surface temperatures above 48°C.

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发布时间: 2016-03-25

3. 灾害补充营养援助计划倡导者指南（D-SNAP）于2017年7月更新

niexiuping

因为卡特里娜飓风的身体破坏是如此的非凡，有一种倾向，看到人类的悲剧，它暴露在普通以外。事实上，今天的许多家庭都是类似命运的一个灾难。如上所述，联邦SNAP支出中的每美元在经济活动中产生近两倍的数额。熟悉D-SNAP规则和政策选择，以及过去实施计划实例的倡导者，低收入人士的倡导者可以采取更具包容性的方式来做好灾难准备和应对工作。广播者应该与其他有关的参与者合作，主要是联邦，州和地方官员，也是食品零售商EBT行业和其他社会服务提供者 - 以优先援助低收入家庭的方式来规划和实施救灾。

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发布时间: 2017-10-30

4. 美国人获得的食品的营养质量：来自美国农业部全国家庭食品购买和购买调查的结果

niexiuping

与低收入者相比，参与管理的家庭的黑社会得分较低。高收入家庭。然而，这些发现并不能证明两者之间存在因果联系。由于我们没有控制住参与家庭的许多方式，例如年龄、家庭组成和教育程度，所以我们没有控制住。

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发布时间: 2018-04-02

5. 消费者对欧洲营养和健康声明的评价：口味和视觉吸引力重要吗?

李晓妍

饮食健康和方便是现代饮食模式的两个重要方面，为了指导消费者做出更明智的食品购买决定，欧盟决策者强调必须通过引入营养声明（NCs）和健康声称（HCs）将饮食模式转向更健康的食物。这项研究的目的是（1）探索NCs和HCs对健康食品（酸奶）的影响；（2）通过离散选择实验调查消费者的选择；（3）检验口味在食品中的作用影响购买决策过程的关键食品属性；（4）探索消费者对NCs和HCs的视觉关注。结果表明，最终产品的选择不仅基于包装上标签的类型，还取决于消费者对其的视觉关注。

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发布时间: 2019-10-14

6. 全球营养不良的焦点：二十一世纪的一个持续的挑战

潘淑春

In 2015, malnutrition continues to be a public health problem that has broad impact on health outcomes, mortality rates, and financial costs of health care around the world. People in low-, middle-, and high-income countries are all vulnerable to the grave tolls of malnutrition. Malnutrition can affect individuals of all ages—infants and young children, adolescents, adult men and women, and especially older people. Malnutrition encompasses both under- and overnutrition, as well as specific nutrient deficiencies.

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发布时间: 2015-07-30

7. 欧洲和中亚地区营养不良的形式转变

lixiaoman

2017年三月14日，美国布达佩斯—在2017年，经济增长和人均收入的增长几乎消灭了中亚的饥饿。但随着国家变得更加富裕，不断变化的消费模式正在引发其他健康威胁。粮农组织今天发布的一份新的报告记录一“粮食不安全过渡”。

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发布时间: 2017-03-28

8. Spar （英国）公司召回存在单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的咖喱鸡块

潘淑春

The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in the product. Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that can cause foodborne illness, particularly among key vulnerable groups, including pregnant women, unborn and newborn babies, those over 60 years old, and anyone with reduced immunity. Product: Spar Tikka Chicken Chunks Pack size: 140g Batch code: 2157 6041 'Use by' date: 24 February 2016 Action taken by the company. Spar (UK) Ltd is recalling the above product. The company will be displaying point-of-sale notices in all stores. These notices will inform consumers why the product is being recalled and will tell them what to do if they have bought the product.

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发布时间: 2016-03-24

9. 美国农业部 ERS-FANRR ︰ 粮食援助及营养研究计划

潘淑春

This report develops an economic model that provides the theoretical framework for the econometric analyses presented in the report’s companion volume, WIC and the Retail Price of Infant Formula (FANRR-39-1). The model examines supermarket retail prices for infant formula in a local market area, and... Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries of 2003 Research Grants FANRR-43, December 13, 2004 This report summarizes research findings for the Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Small Grants Program. This report includes summaries of the research projects that were awarded 1-year grants in summer and fall 2002. The projects focus on food assistance and child well-being, food insecurity a... Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Volume 3, Literature Review FANRR-19-3, December 09, 2004 This report provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of published research on the impact of USDA's domestic food and nutrition assistance programs on participants' nutrition and health outcomes. The outcome measures reviewed include food expenditures, household nutrient availability, dietary in... Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Volume 4, Executive Summary of the Literature Review

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发布时间: 2016-04-26

10. 参与补充营养援助计划的家庭饮食模式：美国农业部食品安全署的调查结果

niexiuping

本研究采用美国农业部安全署的调查数据，比较SNAP家庭的粮食支出与合格的非居民家庭和家庭的粮食支出。 它审查了SNAP家庭特征的粮食消费差异，SNAP对家庭粮食支出的贡献以及收到福利后一个月食物消费模式的变化。

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发布时间: 2017-10-30

11. 对欧洲食品安全管理局第12条法规规定的矮壮素现存最大残留量的评价

潘淑春

Chlormequat was included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC on 1 December 2009 by Commission Directive 2009/37/EC, amended by Commission Directive 2010/2/EU, and has been deemed to be approved under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, in accordance with Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 541/2011. As the active substance was approved after the entry into force of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 on 2 September 2008, EFSA is required to provide a reasoned opinion on the review of the existing MRLs for that active substance in compliance with Article 12(1) of the aforementioned regulation. In order to collect the relevant pesticide residues data, EFSA asked the United Kingdom, as the designated rapporteur Member State (RMS), to complete the Pesticide Residues Overview File (PROFile) and to prepare a supporting evaluation report. The PROFile and evaluation report provided by the RMS were made available to the Member States. A request for additional information was addressed to the Member States in the framework of a completeness check period which was initiated by EFSA on 24 June 2015 and finalised on 11 September 2015. After having considered all the information provided, EFSA prepared a completeness check report which was made available to Member States on 13 October 2015. Based on the conclusions derived by EFSA in the framework of Directive 91/414/EEC, the MRLs established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the additional information provided by the RMS and Member States, EFSA prepared in December 2015 a draft reasoned opinion, which was circulated to Member States for consultation via a written procedure. Comments received by 3 February 2016 were considered during the finalisation of this reasoned opinion. The following conclusions are derived. The metabolism of chlormequat chloride has been investigated in cereals as well as in rotational crops. A similar metabolism was depicted in these studies with chlormequat being the only relevant compound identified. Hydrolysis studies simulating beer brewing (100°C, pH 4 for 120 minutes) and bread making (100°C, pH 5 for 40 minutes) showed that processing conditions relevant for cereals are not expected to degrade the parent compound significantly but a general residue definition for processed commodities could not be derived in the absence of standard hydrolysis studies. Therefore, a residue definition for cereal crops for monitoring and risk assessment was proposed as the sum of chlormequat and its salts, expressed as chlormequat chloride. The residue definition derived for cereals was also deemed appropriate for pears and cultivated fungi where carry-over of unchanged parent compounds may occurs. A validated analytical method for this residue definition in high water content, dry commodities and cereal straw is available. The available residue trials data were considered sufficient to derive MRL proposals as well as risk assessment values for all primary crops under evaluation, except for grass which residue trials were not available. Based on the metabolism studies, no significant residues levels of chlormequat are expected in the investigated rotational crops (cereals, roots, pulses and oilseeds and leafy crops), the main part of the radioactivity being incorporated in the plant matrix. However, EFSA derived MRLs proposals in order to cover unintentional carry-over of residues in pears (due to former uses) and cultivated fungi (grown on substrate composed of cereals straw treated with chlormequat). Different options for MRLs were derived on the basis on monitoring data and different methodologies. A risk management decision should still be taken on the level of these MRLs and the period of their applicability. In addition, studies investigating the magnitude of residues in processed commodities of wheat, barley and oats allowed EFSA to derive robust processing factors for wheat (bran, flour and bread), barley (pot/pearl, malt and beer) and oat flakes. Chlormequat is authorised for use in cereals which might be fed to livestock. The metabolism of chlormequat was investigated in lactating goats and laying hens. As metabolic pathways are expected to be similar in ruminants and pigs, the results of the goat metabolism study could be extrapolated to swine. From these studies, EFSA proposed a general residue definition for monitoring and risk assessment in livestock commodities as the sum of chlormequat and its salts, expressed as chlormequat chloride. A validated analytical method for enforcement of the proposed residue definition in commodities of animal origin is available. Based on the available feeding studies for ruminants and poultry, MRLs and risk assessment values were derived in ruminants, swine and poultry products. Chronic and acute consumer exposure resulting from the authorised uses reported in the framework of this review and the possible carry-over in non-treated pears and cultivated fungi (considering the most protective assumption) was calculated using revision 2 of the EFSA PRIMo. The highest chronic exposure represented 28.9% of the ADI (Danish children) and the highest acute exposure amounted to 33.1% of the ARfD (wheat). Apart from the MRLs evaluated in the framework of this review, internationally recommended CXLs have also been established for chlormequat. Additional calculations of the consumer exposure, considering these CXLs, were therefore carried out and the highest chronic exposure represented 29.3% of the ADI (Danish children) and the highest acute exposure amounted to 62.3% of the ARfD (milk and milk products).

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发布时间: 2016-03-24

12. 淀粉在植物中的位置和相互作用：对食物和营养功能的影响

李晓妍

淀粉是谷物和豆类中主要的碳水化合物。除了营养功能外，淀粉还具有多种工业应用。淀粉与蛋白质、脂质和多酚一起在植物细胞中合成。这些大分子在植物体内和下游加工过程中相互作用，如淀粉的提取。文章概述了淀粉与植物中蛋白质、脂质和多酚的相互作用机理，以及这些相互作用对食品加工以及人类营养的影响。研究发现，颗粒级相互作用主要影响淀粉的加工功能，而细胞水平的相互作用和封装增强了淀粉的营养功能，降低了能量密集型营养物质的代谢反应。因此，在加工过程中，无论是成分的选择还是食品的配制，都必须考虑植物体内大量营养素之间以及与细胞壁之间的相互作用。

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发布时间: 2019-11-06

13. 2021年趋势预测：面包果是新的超级食物吗?

李晓妍

一个由不列颠哥伦比亚省的研究人员组成的研究小组称，在热带和南太平洋国家，面包果长期以来一直是人们的主食，它具有成为下一代超级食品的所有标志。面包果可以自己食用，也可以晒干后磨成无麸质的面粉，它有可能改善全球粮食安全，缓解糖尿病。 在一系列的研究中，科学家们用脱水面包果磨成的面粉来收集以面包果为基础的饮食对老鼠和酶消化模型的影响的数据。吃面包果饲料三周后，老鼠的生长速度和体重明显高于标准的小麦饲料，身体成分相似。在酶消化模型中，面包果蛋白比小麦蛋白更容易消化。

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发布时间: 2020-12-03

14. 利用双等位基因的与5-HTTLPR三等位基因的方法来查看与食物摄入相关的儿童营养状况

lixiaoman

5-HTT基因在其启动子区包含多态性、创建长（L）或短（S）的等位基因的插入/缺失（5-HTTLPR）和在L等位基因（triallelic方法）的SNP（rs25531）。 本研究的目的是采用双和三等位基因的方法调查5-HTTLPR和rs25531多态性，遵循儿童的膳食摄入量和人体测量参数，儿童的年龄上限为8岁。 我们招募了新出生的303名儿童作为实验样本，并在1岁、3至4岁和7至8岁进行检查。以聚合酶链反应为基础的方法进行了分析多态性。 使用双等位基因的方法发现，5-HTTLPR多态性与食物的摄入有关，儿童的身体质量指数Z的皮褶厚度总和加强儿童肥胖症的5-羟色胺转运体的作用。我们的数据表明，在检测食物摄入与儿童营养状况时双等位基因的方法比三等位基因方法更合理。在早期生活中识别易感基因可以为干预生活方式提供基础，以防止儿童成为成人时变肥胖。

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发布时间: 2017-03-28

15. 美国政府为西岸和加沙地带提供了13000000美元支持世界粮食计划/ | WFP/联合国世界粮食计划署/ 战胜世界饥饿

潘淑春

The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) West Bank and Gaza Mission (WBG) is providing a $13 million U.S. contribution to the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) for food assistance in the West Bank and Gaza. This contribution will enable WFP to provide 95,000 food-insecure people in Gaza with more than 6,700 metric tons of food assistance.  In addition, this money will be used for food distributions to 41,500 people in the West Bank and to support the electronic food voucher program benefiting 50,000 people there.  These activities not only allow an immediate response to the humanitarian needs in Gaza, but also provide continued support to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza who struggle to buy or produce enough food to live a normal, healthy life.  In addition, the electronic voucher project in the West Bank is an innovative way to provide food assistance while supporting resilient societies as well as the development of small businesses and the local economy through locally sourced foods. Prior to this $13 million commitment, U.S. contributions to WFP since July 2014 have totaled more than $19 million, providing more than 15,000 metric tons of food to some half a million vulnerable Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.  These results are due to the excellent partnership between the USAID and WFP who have worked together in the West Bank and Gaza for more than a decade.  The U.S.-funded food assistance activities are implemented in the West Bank in Gaza by WFP in partnership with the U.S. NGO, Global Communities.   The U.S. Government, through USAID, is the leading provider of bilateral development assistance to the Palestinians, having provided more than $4.6 billion since 1994 for programs in the areas of education; health and humanitarian assistance; private enterprise; democracy and governance; and water resources and infrastructure.

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发布时间: 2015-07-30

16. 回顾英国65岁以上成年人的营养需求

李晓妍

在晚年适当的饮食选择可能会降低患慢性疾病的风险和功能下降的比率，然而，在英国很少有充分证明的针对老年人的年龄营养指导，这使得提供营养建议具有挑战性。因此，这一重要综述的目的是为老年人(年龄≥65岁)提出营养建议，并选择对老年人具有重要生理功能的营养素列入推荐。英国对碳水化合物的建议,免费的糖、膳食纤维、膳食脂肪和脂肪酸、钠和酒精的普通人群很可能适合老年人。没有足够的证据证实或改变所有其他选定营养素的建议。一般而言，目前在老年人中进行的营养研究存在重大差距，应予以解决，以支持向这一年龄组提供针对性的营养指导，以促进健康老龄化。

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发布时间: 2020-11-05

17. 欧洲联盟对来自人类、动物和食物的人畜共患病和指标细菌的抗菌素耐药性的总结报告 2014

潘淑春

The data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2014, submitted by 28 EU Member States (MSs), were jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter species from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli as well as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and food was assessed. ‘Microbiological’ resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values; for some countries, quantitative data on human isolates were interpreted in a way which corresponds closely to the ECOFF-defined ‘microbiological’ resistance. In Salmonella from humans, high proportions of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and to fluoroquinolones remained generally low, although it was markedly higher in some serovars commonly associated with broilers and turkeys. In Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from broilers, fattening turkeys and meat thereof, resistance to ampicillin, (fluoro)quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides was frequently detected, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was uncommon. For the first time, presumptive extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-/AmpC-/carbapenemase production in Salmonella and Escherichia coli was monitored in poultry. The occurrence of ESBL-/AmpC-producers was low, and carbapenemase-producers were not detected. Resistance to colistin was observed at low levels in Salmonella and Escherichia coli from poultry and meat thereof. In Campylobacter from humans, a high to very high proportion of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines, whereas resistance to erythromycin was low to moderate. Resistance to fluoroquinolones in some MSs was extremely high; in such settings, the effective treatment options for human enteric Campylobacter infection may be significantly reduced. High resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was observed in Campylobacter isolates from broilers and broiler meat, whereas much lower levels were recorded for erythromycin. Co-resistance to critically important antimicrobials in both human and animal isolates was generally uncommon, but very high to extremely high MDR levels were observed in some Salmonella serovars. A minority of Salmonella isolates from animals belonging to a few serovars (notably Kentucky and Infantis) exhibited high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin.  © European Food Safety Authority, 2016 Summary:  Zoonoses are infections that are transmissible between animals and humans. Infections can be acquired directly from animals, via environmental exposure or through the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. The severity of these diseases in humans can vary from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions. Zoonotic bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials are of particular concern, as they might compromise the effective treatment of infections in humans. Data from the EU Member States (MSs) are collected and analysed in order to monitor the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic bacteria isolated from humans, animals and food in the European Union (EU). For 2014, 28 MSs reported data on AMR in zoonotic bacteria to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and 21 MSs submitted data to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). In addition, three other European countries provided information. The enhanced monitoring of AMR in bacteria from food and food-producing animals set out in the Commission Implementing Decision 2013/652/EU was successfully implemented in reporting MSs and non-MSs in the EU during 2014. In accordance with the legislation, the 2014 AMR data on food and food-producing animals specifically targeted different poultry populations and meat derived thereof. EFSA and ECDC performed the analyses of the data, the results of which are published in this EU Summary Report on AMR. Data on resistance were reported regarding Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates from humans, poultry and meat thereof, whereas data on indicator Escherichia coli isolates were related only to poultry and meat derived thereof. Some MSs also reported data on the occurrence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals and food; the antimicrobial susceptibility of MRSA isolates was additionally reported by two countries. The quantitative data on AMR in isolates from humans, poultry and meat thereof were assessed using harmonised epidemiological cut-off values that define ‘microbiological’ resistance, i.e. reduced susceptibility to the antimicrobials tested, as well as using clinical breakpoints (CBPs), where considered appropriate. The categorical (qualitative) data on AMR in isolates from humans interpreted by using CBPs were aligned with ‘microbiological’ resistance by combining ‘clinically resistant’ and ‘intermediate resistant’ isolates into a non-susceptible group. Isolates from different sources should only be directly compared when methods and interpretive criteria are comparable. For the first time, all MSs reported AMR data on poultry and meat thereof at the isolate level. This enabled analysis of multi-drug resistance (MDR) and co-resistance patterns to critically important antimicrobials in both human and animal isolates at the EU level but also at country level. In addition, for all bacterial species, AMR data could be analysed at the production-type level, such as broilers and laying hens of Gallus gallus and fattening turkeys, which allows the analysis of the data to be fine-tuned. More specifically, reporting data at isolate level allowed characterisation of important patterns of resistance, enabling Salmonella serovars to be linked to particular resistance patterns and to identify high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones and important resistance phenotypes in both Salmonella and indicator E. coli. The information published in this report provides an overview of resistance in most MSs with detailed consideration of certain important aspects. Highlights of this report include the continued monitoring of the spread of certain highly resistant Salmonella serovars. Two serovars in particular, S. Infantis and S. Kentucky, contribute significantly to the overall numbers of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in Europe. Both serovars display high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, which is an important public health concern because ciprofloxacin is a common first-line treatment for invasive salmonellosis in humans. The introduction of Commission implementing Decision 2013/652/EU with revised panels of antimicrobials to be tested has been timely, preceding recent reports of emergence of transferable colistin and erythromycin resistance in Asia (Liu et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015). The continually evolving threat from emerging resistance underlines the need to review the data collected, interpret the findings and assess trends. This report has attempted to highlight some of the most important findings in 2014, but space constraints mean that it is necessarily selective.  The inclusion within the harmonised monitoring scheme of a supplementary panel of antimicrobials, to be tested when certain resistances to an initial panel of antimicrobials are detected, enabled detailed screening of resistance to three carbapenem compounds. No resistance to meropenem was detected and this is a crucial finding, because carbapenems are critically important in human medicine. Only nine E. coli isolates from broilers and one from fattening turkeys isolated in 6 MSs showed resistance to ertapenem, and all these isolates presented a putative extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or AmpC phenotype. These isolates are being further investigated. The supplementary testing also allowed, for the first time, detailed characterisation of the beta-lactam resistance phenotypes occurring in Salmonella and indicator E. coli. It enabled further phenotypic characterisation of third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance in Salmonella and indicator E. coli, by inferring presumptive profiles of ESBL-/AmpC-/carbapenemase-producers. The occurrence of ESBL-/AmpC-producers in Salmonella and indicator E. coli from poultry was assessed as being at low levels. It also showed that S. Infantis in Italy and S. Heidelberg in the Netherlands have probably each acquired a different mechanism of third-generation cephalosporin resistance (an ESBL enzyme in S. Infantis and an AmpC enzyme in S. Heidelberg) and have subsequently spread within each MS.

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发布时间: 2016-05-25

18. 通过小鼠乳腺中的雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路验证T1R1/T1R3调节乳蛋白合成

lixiaoman

范围 了解乳蛋白合成的调节机制对于制定改善乳蛋白和增强泌乳性能的策略至关重要。雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)是哺乳动物蛋白质合成的关键调节剂。在本研究中，我们想调查T1R1/T1R3是否能调节乳蛋白合成，并在体内调控小鼠乳腺中的mTOR通路。 方法和结果 使用去除小鼠、WT小鼠和乳腺外植体的T1R1的方法。使用称重法来计算产奶量。通过qPCR分析β-酪蛋白和AA转运蛋白mRNA的表达水平。如预期的那样，T1R1的去除不仅降低了小鼠乳腺中的总产奶量，而且抑制了β-酪蛋白的合成。此外，在去除T1R1的小鼠中，4EBP1和S6K的磷酸化显着降低。T1R1去除也增加了AA转运蛋白SLC3A2的蛋白质丰度和SLC7A5/SLC3A2的mRNA表达。通过抑制乳腺外植体中的T1R3或T1R1去除来抑制mTOR通路的活化。 结论 通过T1R1 / T1R3调节mTOR通路来调控小鼠乳腺体内乳蛋白的合成。

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发布时间: 2017-07-05

19. 杀菌剂咪鲜胺诱导体外氧化应激和脱氧核糖核酸损伤

潘淑春

Lepidopterists use substantial volumes of solvents, such as chloroform, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and xylene, in their traps when collecting faunistic and phenological data. A majority of them are citizen scientists and thus in part not identified by occupational healthcare as being at risk due to solvent handling. We surveyed the extent of solvent use, the frequency and extent of potential exposure and the safety precautions taken in trapping and catch handling by Finnish lepidopterists.

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发布时间: 2016-03-25

20. 世界需要高质量的饮食，但所有人都能负担得起更好的营养吗？

李晓妍

关于健康饮食的信息并不是什么新鲜事，但是现在越来越多的人告诉我们要吃好不仅是为了我们自己的健康，也是为了地球。2019年初，《柳叶刀》和《饮食》杂志联合发布了一份关于世界饮食的报告，该报告呼吁进行“伟大的食物转型”，从而推动了这场辩论。它谴责了世界上“有缺陷的食品体系”，这种体系导致近10亿人挨饿，近20亿人吃了太多错误类型的食物，并给地球带来了不可持续的压力。该报告还首次发布了全球“参考饮食”，列出了我们应该多吃哪些食物，更重要的是，列出了我们应该少吃哪些食物。

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发布时间: 2020-03-09

21. 调整铁、锌和硒状态生物标志物对老年人群炎症影响的方法比较：白细胞介素6的一个案例-美国临床营养学杂志-牛津学院

mj

背景 老年人面临着微量营养素缺乏的风险，这种风险在炎症出现的情况下可能被低估或高估。已有研究提出几种方法来调整炎症的效果；然而，据我们所知，在慢性炎症很常见的老年人中没有进行过调查。 目的 研究发现，各种炎症调节方法对微量营养素生物标志物的影响与住在新西兰老年护理机构中的老年人贫血有关。 实验设计 从289名年龄大于65岁的新西兰老年居民中收集血液样本。 测定样本中的血清铁蛋白、可溶性转铁蛋白受体（sTfR）、全身铁（TBI）、血浆锌和硒以及炎症标志物高敏C-反应蛋白（CRP），α1-酸性糖蛋白（AGP）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）。对微量营养素浓度应用四种调整方法：1）基于由CRP和AGP定义的炎症阶段的内部校正因子; 2）来自文献的外部校正因子；3）回归校正模型，其中参考CRP和AGP被设定为最低十分位数的最大值，并且4）回归校正模型，其中将参考IL-6设定为最低十分位数的最大值。 结果 40％的参与者CRP、AGP或两者的浓度均升高，37％的参与者的IL-6高于正常浓度。无论采用何种方法，血清铁蛋白，sTfR和TBI的校正几何平均值显著较低（P <0.001），血浆锌和硒显著高于未校正值（P <0.001）。在使用IL-6的回归校正中观察到最大的炎症调节。随后，锌和硒缺乏率下降（分别为-13％和-14％，P <0.001），而缺铁则不受影响。 结论 评估老年人群微量营养素状况时，应考虑调整炎症; 然而，所使用的方法需要进一步调查，尤其是调整IL-6的影响。

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发布时间: 2018-07-06

22. 世界粮食计划署内部审计职能的外部质量评估

lixiaoman

对总检察长办公室的活动符合国际标准内部审计的内部审计协会和调查由国际调查员会议签署的统一原则和指南的专业实践。外部质量保证供应商定期检查的总督察活动办公室，以确保最高标准的维护。2016年11月独立评估内部审计功能，最高评级与所有准则一致。

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发布时间: 2017-03-25

23. 维生素D缺乏与中国人群COVID-19发病率和疾病严重程度相关

李晓妍

维生素D由于具有免疫调节和抗炎特性，因此在影响2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的自然史方面可能具有有益的潜力。本研究目的是调查维生素D缺乏是否与中国人群COVID-19发病率和疾病严重程度相关。我们回顾性分析了335例COVID-19患者，这些患者于2020年2月27日至3月21日在武汉同济医院住院。研究还纳入了包括年龄和性别匹配的560名个体，他们接受了身体检查程序。结果显示，在校正年龄、性别、共病和BMI后的一般线性模型中，COVID-19患者血清25(OH)D浓度显著低于2018-2019年对照组。多变量回归显示男性、高龄和维生素D缺乏与COVID-19严重程度显著相关。这些结果表明，维生素D缺乏影响中国人群COVID-19的住院和严重程度。

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发布时间: 2021-03-08

24. 澳大利亚新西兰食品标准 (FSANZ）

潘淑春

In New Zealand, FSANZ is responsible for standards relating to labelling, composition and contaminants. In Australia, FSANZ has a much wider scope. As well as labelling and composition, it also develops food standards for food safety, maximum residue limits (MRLs), primary production and processing as well as a range of other functions including the coordination of recall systems and assessing policies about imported food. Governance of FSANZ. FSANZ was set up under the Food Standards Treaty. It is governed by a Board, which works to the Australia and New Zealand Food Regulation Ministerial Council (Ministerial Council). The Ministerial Council is made up of New Zealand and Australian (both state and commonwealth) health ministers, as well as representatives from other portfolios. You can find more information about FSANZ and the work it does on the FSANZ website.

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发布时间: 2016-05-04

25. 辣木的多功能应用，营养和动物食品产品:综述

niexiuping

分析研究已经确定油茶作为必需营养素的重要来源;含有丰富的蛋白质，必需氨基酸，矿物质和维生素，并含有相对低量的抗营养素。它也是其他生物活性化合物的丰富来源，包括类黄酮和酚类化合物;几项研究详细说明了体外和体内功能特性，最基本的抗氧化活性。有少量文献详述临床研究，营养素生物利用度，毒性以及生物活性化合物的作用方式，与油茶消耗量相关的健康声称归因于该生物活性化合物。其中许多尚未完全理解;因此需要在这些领域进行更多的研究，以充分利用这种植物在人类和家畜营养中的潜在益处。

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发布时间: 2018-04-02

26. 鸡蛋和香蕉泥对华夫饼的物理和感官特性的影响

潘淑春

Background High cholesterol levels are of concern because they have been linked with heart disease, stroke, bile imbalance, leading to gallstones, and blood flow interferences. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect that waffle batter content (egg versus banana puree) has on physical and sensory characteristics and acceptability of waffles. Methods After IRB approval, twenty college-aged students, 19 and older, were recruited to test two different samples. The control waffle recipe and the second was the same waffle recipe with banana puree substituted for eggs. Samples were tested subjectively using a Hedonic scale (1-9) and triangle test. Objective testing included the cook time, line spread test, volumeter, vernier calipers, Nutritionist Pro analysis and the TA.XT Plus texture analyzer. Statistical tests included mean, median, mode and t - tests with an alpha value of 0.05. Results Subjective testing revealed little difference in the acceptability of the two waffles. Nutritional analysis using the Nutritionist Pro system showed that that the waffle made with banana was lower in cholesterol and lower in fat. Objective testing revealed that the banana waffle had batter that was less viscous, larger in volume, firmer, and did not rise as high as the control. Conclusions This research shows that the egg content of waffles can be successfully be replaced with banana puree. The effects of such alterations has little to no effect on overall palatability or likeability of the waffle, but it would lower the cholesterol content of the waffle and be more affordable.

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发布时间: 2015-09-15

27. 番茄红素的生物活性、代谢、稳定性及传递系统的研究进展

李晓妍

番茄红素是一种天然色素，属于亲脂性异戊二烯类植物，对心血管疾病、眼部疾病、神经退行性疾病和癌症具有多种生物活性。因此番茄红素在食品和医疗行业中得到了广泛的应用，番茄红素传递系统的应用受到了广泛的关注。本文综述了番茄红素的结构、生物活性、消化吸收、代谢、转运、稳定性、影响因素及其在人体中的生物利用度。在此基础上，着重介绍了番茄红素输送系统的研究进展，为番茄红素在食品、医药等领域的广泛应用提供参考。研究发现，提高番茄红素的稳定性可以促进其在胃肠道的消化吸收，从而起到健康的作用。构建番茄红素传递体系(如乳状液、纳米脂质载体、水凝胶、脂质体等)是提高番茄红素稳定性和生物利用度的有效途径。但是，体外消化模型的准确性需要通过细胞和动物实验进一步验证。番茄红素输送系统在食品商业化中的应用仍然存在许多挑战。

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发布时间: 2019-10-14

28. 绿茶对肥胖人群脂质代谢的影响

lixiaoman

范围：绿茶对脂质代谢的影响不一致。荟萃分析的目的是评估绿茶对肥胖人群脂质代谢的影响。 方法和结果：我们搜索比较了PUBMED和WEB OF SCIENCE（1990年1月至2016年9月）、COCHRANE和EMBASE（2016年10月更新）和中国数据库CNKI、万方和中国数据库关于绿茶的随机对照试验的文章。选择了21篇研究1704例超重或肥胖受试者的文章进行荟萃分析。结果表明，绿茶显着降低超重或肥胖人群的血浆总胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）水平。 结论：荟萃分析显示饮用绿茶可以显着降低血浆TC和LDL水平。然而，绿茶对血浆TG和HDL的影响必须通过额外的高质量和大规模的实验进一步评估。

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发布时间: 2017-07-05

29. 肥胖与糖尿病患者线粒体功能及胰岛素敏感程度的变化

lixiaoman

线粒体的功能就像一种广谱的特点例如静息线粒体活性 、最大或最小的氧化磷酸化的能力（OXPHOS）、线粒体动力学、翻滚和可塑性。线粒体和胰岛素敏感性之间的相互作用是双向的，并且取决于组织、实验模型、方法论，和线粒体功能测试特点的变化。人类骨骼肌的线粒体发生异常，一方面可能是遗传因素造成的，例如线粒体含量较正常量低，另一方面是后天的，如OXPHOS能力或者可塑性的受损。线粒体异常最终会导致线粒体功能的降低或者导致胰岛素抵抗型的2型糖尿病。类似的机制也可能发生在脂肪组织和心脏肌肉。与此相反，线粒体的氧化能力瞬时上调会导致肥胖的胰岛素抵抗的人有脂肪肝或没有脂肪肝，引起氧化应激和脂肪肝疾病的下降。这些数据表明在人类代谢性疾病过程中，胰岛素敏感性和氧化代谢之间具有高度组织特异性的相互作用。

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发布时间: 2017-03-18

30. 糖尿病-发展的危险因素、主要的治疗策略和措施的有效性

李晓妍

本次网络研讨会将从糖尿病的定义开始，并概述英国最常见的糖尿病类型，即1型、2型和妊娠期糖尿病。风险因素发展的1型和2型糖尿病是不同的，该研究将专注于2型糖尿病。 不活动和超重/肥胖是2型糖尿病的主要贡献者风险。葡萄糖调节障碍及相关代谢障碍并非微不足道，糖尿病是大血管(包括冠心病和中风)和微血管(眼睛、肾脏、感觉神经)疾病发展的主要危险因素。 各种治疗方法的目标是优化对糖尿病的控制，并通过测量血液中的重要标志物(如糖化血红蛋白-糖化血红蛋白)来评估这些治疗方法的有效性。

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发布时间: 2020-04-07

31. 具有剂量和尺寸依赖性的抗病毒药物对猫杯状病毒，人类诺如病毒替代品银纳米粒子的 影响

潘淑春

Objectives: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as antibacterial agents are incorporated in many consumer products, while the use as antiviral agents is an ongoing area of research. We evaluated the antiviral properties of AgNPs of variable sizes (10, 75, and 110 nm) and doses (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) at different contact time points against feline calicivirus (FCV), a surrogate for norovirus. Materials and Methods: Antiviral effects of the AgNPs were determined by comparing the infectivity of FCV, the appearance of cytopathic effects (CPEs), and the integrity of the viral capsid protein in viral suspension treated with AgNPs with the untreated controls. Results: The 10 nm AgNPs at 50 and 100 μg/mL concentrations inactivated the FCV beyond the limit of detection, resulting in a decrease of up to 6.5 log10 viral titer, prevented development of CPEs, and reduction in the western blot band signal of the viral capsid protein. No significant antiviral effect was observed for the 75 and 110 nm AgNPs. Conclusions and Applications: These results demonstrate that the antiviral effects of AgNPs are both size and dose dependent, thus potential applications of AgNPs as antiviral agents to prevent contamination of foodborne viruses need to consider size and dose effects.

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发布时间: 2016-03-25

32. 投资研究——新的证据表明营养敏感的农业计划如何改善儿童的营养状况

niexiuping

投资于研究 - 显示营养敏感农业项目如何改善儿童营养状况的新证据 本次研讨会将突出关于实施多部门营养敏感项目以提高儿童营养成果的程序性见解和学习，并将展示最新影响评估的关键成果。受邀的评论员将分享他们对未来在营养敏感型农业领域的投资所产生的影响的看法，并讨论如何将这种类型的计划和评估工作纳入更大的发展议程，以改善幼儿的营养状况。

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发布时间: 2018-04-02

33. 解码最新的营养标签

李晓妍

随着2020年1月的执行日期的临近，新版本的营养标签每天都会出现在更多的食品和饮料产品上。检查什么成分发生了变化，为什么发生了变化，了解如何解释和使用营养成分标签，可以帮助消费者在购买和消费食品和饮料产品时做出更明智的决定。 更新的标签设计和营养信息旨在帮助美国人做出更明智的食品选择，有助于形成长期健康的生活方式，并降低患与饮食有关的慢性疾病的风险，包括心脏病、2型糖尿病和肥胖症。

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发布时间: 2020-07-10

34. 一种新的使用改良的生物燃料电池的自供电时间温度积分器（TTI）用来进行食品质量监测

潘淑春

A self-powered time-temperature integrator (TTI) was developed by modifying a biofuel cell and characterised in terms of kinetics and temperature dependency. The TTI was composed of two immobilised enzyme electrodes, (+) and (−), and a cavity containing substrates. The enzymes (laccase and glucose oxidase), mediators (methylene blue, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid hydrate, ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate, 4,4-sulfonydiphnol) and stabilisers (pyrrole) were immobilised on a glassy carbon electrode by electrodeposition by applying a square wave (10 s at 4 V then 3 s at 0.5 V) for 180 cycles. The primarily measured output voltage, which corresponds to a rate of food quality change, was mathematically converted to a secondary variable, its integral value, representing the food quality level. The temperature dependency of the self-powered TTI was modified by using sodium azide, and the shelf-life of TTI could be adjusted to match that of the food product by changing glucose concentrations. The optimum Arrhenius activation energy was found to be 78.22 kJ/mol with a sodium azide concentration of 0.02 M and the glucose concentration at the maximum (5.05 M), it used continuously for 7 days at 25 °C. Through a case study with milk, the novel TTI was found to accurately detect milk quality changes. The self-powered TTI can be utilised as an intelligent versatile sensor in the food distribution system with an appropriate IT platform. In particular, if the TTI is incorporated with RFID tag, we will see a new generation of smart RFID tag for intelligent food packaging.

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发布时间: 2016-06-08

35. Mondelez国际投资英国咖啡网站5000 万美元

panshuchun

Mondelez International, a manufacturer of chocolate, biscuits, gum, and candy as well as coffee, has announced plans to invest $50 million in its Banbury, United Kingdom, factory to build two new lines that will manufacture Tassimo beverage capsules. Tassimo is Europe’ fastest-growing single-serve system, brewing a wide variety of beverages including Jacobs and Costa coffees and Cadbury hot chocolate. The decision is part of Mondelez International’s multi-year investment in European manufacturing, under which $1.5 billion has been invested since 2010. The planned investment will create close to 80 jobs and coincides with the 50th anniversary of the Banbury factory, which produces coffee brands such as Kenco, Carte Noire, and Maxwell House. The Tassimo capsules produced in Banbury will be exported to Western European coffee markets in France and Spain ;as well as distributed in the U.K. “Tassimo is a key driver of growth for our European coffee business, so this $50 million opportunity is a great one for Banbury,” said Phil Hodges, Senior Vice President, Integrated Supply Chain, Mondelez Europe. “Over the past 18 months, we’ve made similar investments in Bournville and Sheffield, underscoring our commitment to U.K. manufacturing. The proposed investment is part of our vision to manufacture our products on state-of-the-art lines that will enable us to meet growing demand while increasing our competitiveness.”

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发布时间: 2016-08-31

36. 烘焙咖啡通过增加人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞中蛋白酶体β-分泌酶的降解来减少β-淀粉样蛋白的产生

mj

流行病学研究表明，咖啡消费可能与发生几种神经系统疾病，包括阿尔茨海默病（AD）的风险较低有关。咖啡因是咖啡预防效果的重要候选成分。但是，咖啡中其他成分的贡献尚不清楚。为了阐明这个问题，研究了烘焙咖啡豆对人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞中β-分泌酶（BACE1）表达的影响。 咖啡（2％）在24小时后的培养基中Aβ积聚减少至对照水平的80％。因此，BACE1表达在12小时降低至对照水平的70％。使用环己酰亚胺和蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132的实验表明，咖啡通过激活蛋白酶体活性来增强BACE1降解。此外，咖啡激活cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶，并因此激活蛋白酶体26S亚基，以及非ATP酶11（PSMD11）的丝氨酸残基的磷酸化。邻苯二酚，一种被称为儿茶酚或1,2-二羟基苯的强抗氧化剂，在焙烧过程中由绿原酸产生，也通过激活蛋白酶体活性降低BACE1的表达。此外，邻苯二酚降低SH-SY5Y细胞中的Aβ产生。 数据表明，烘焙过程可能对AD中咖啡消费的保护作用至关重要。

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发布时间: 2018-10-11

37. 利用自我监测或量身订做的反馈，系统地回顾和分析远程交付的干预措施，以改变饮食行为

niexiuping

我们进行了系统的文献回顾和荟萃分析以解决以下问题：是否使用SM或TF有效改变饮食行为的远程传递的独立（即无人接触）干预措施？2016年10月搜索了五个数据库（2017年9月更新）。仅包括1990年以后发表的随机对照试验。试验可能包括任何没有无序饮食史的成年人群，这些人群在没有直接接触的情况下进行SM或TF干预，并将实际饮食消费记录为结果。三位评估员独立筛选搜索结果。两位评价者提取研究特征，干预细节和结果，并使用Cochrane工具评估偏倚风险。结果转换为标准化的平均差异，并纳入3级（个体和嵌套在研究中的结果）随机效应荟萃分析。包含自我调节方法的独立干预对饮食行为有小但重要的影响，并且将这些要素纳入未来的干预措施可能很重要。然而，研究结果有很大差异，这些差异无法用我们探讨的特征来解释，而且大多数研究都存在对偏倚风险的担忧。

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发布时间: 2018-05-30

38. 糙米和精米中营养和有毒元素的分布

韩宇静

大米是世界上许多国家的主食，它不仅是营养物质的来源，也是有毒元素的来源。本研究采用微波辅助分解，电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）检测法，对糙米、米糠及所得白米进行了四度抛光，测定了糙米、米糠及白米中的元素含量（磷、硫、钾、锰、铁、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、钼、镉、汞、铅）。此外，利用激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法对每一抛光步骤中的单个大米颗粒进行分析，生成元素分布图。磷、钾、锰、铁主要分布在麸皮层，而硫、铜、锌、砷、硒、钼、镉和汞则同时存在于麸皮和胚乳中。由于稻谷中的元素分布不尽相同，抛光生产白米会去除不同数量的营养元素和有毒元素。

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发布时间: 2019-04-20

39. 美国大豆协会极力推动欧洲大豆性状的及时审批

panshuchun

ASA ramped up its call for approval of three outstanding soybean traits by the European Union this week, saying that the tools are a critical part of the industry’s ongoing quest to meet sustainability and consumer demand goals, and that continued delays pose serious issues both for farmers and industry. In a letter to European Commissioner Vytenis Andriukaitis Tuesday, ASA expressed deep concern with the EU’s delayed authorization of three new soybean traits: Monsanto’s dicamba-tolerant RR2Xtend and Vistive Gold high oleic traits, as well as Bayer CropScience’s isoxaflutole-resistant Balance Bean trait. All three traits received positive opinions from the European Food Safety Authority in May and June of last year, and have awaited approval for five months following an Appeals Committee ruling in January. “The Commission’s lack of action in providing final authorization for these soy events has already caused unnecessary uncertainty, disruption and cost in the agricultural supply chain. Immediate authorization by the European Commission is needed to avoid substantial additional unnecessary costs and possible disruption to the essential supply of feedstocks needed by the EU’s livestock, poultry and feed industries, which are more than 70 percent dependent on imports of vegetable protein,” the letter stated. ASA also cited repeated assurances over the course of several months from EU officials that approval of the three traits was imminent as providing a false sense of security for farmers looking to utilize the traits to meet sustainability goals and comply with the food industry’s ongoing move away from trans fats in the American marketplace. “As the threat of resistant weeds continues to move across soybean country, and the specter of increased input costs coupled with a down farm economy looms over so many soybean farmers, we need more options in the marketplace. We are not benefited by new products that are stuck in a malfunctioning approvals pipeline,” said ASA President Richard Wilkins, a farmer from Greenwood, Del. “Add to that the ability of high-oleic soy to help answer the growing market for cooking oils free of trans fats, and you see the real value in these three traits. “The European Commission must abide by the timelines set out in in its own regulations, as well as its obligations under the World Trade Organization, and give these traits the approvals that it has said are forthcoming,” Wilkins added.

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发布时间: 2016-09-01

40. 餐后持续时间对成年男女胰岛素相关饮食指数及血浆C肽浓度的影响

mj

膳食胰岛素指数（II）直接量化膳食对餐后胰岛素分泌的影响，而基于空腹C肽浓度的高胰岛素血症（EDIH）的经验膳食指数主要反映胰岛素抵抗。尚未研究这些评分如何与队列研究中的非空腹C肽相关。我们调查了EDIH和II评分在多大程度上预测血浆C-肽浓度，在横切面分析中，根据时间的变化对餐后血浆进行采集。EDIH和II评分均来自3964名卫生专业人员随访研究（1993-1995）和6215名护士健康研究（1989-1990）中非糖尿病患者报告的食物频率问卷数据。我们通过餐后持续时间分别在男性和女性中构建了12个多变量调整的线性回归模型，以计算膳食指数五分位数中血浆C肽浓度的相对差异和绝对值。在男性和女性中，C肽浓度在进食后1-2小时升高，随着餐后持续时间的增加而下降。在男性中，与最低膳食指数五分位数相比，最高C肽浓度的百分比差异为：EDIH：0-1小时：50％；2小时：22％；14小时：14％；≥15h：30％（所有P趋势<0.05）。II：0-1小时：19％（P趋势= 0.09）；2小时：3％（P趋势= 0.09）；14 h：-6％（P趋势= 0.17）；≥15h：-15％（P趋势= 0.02）。女性的相应结果是：EDIH：0-1小时：29％（P-趋势= 0.002）；2小时：33％（P趋势= 0.009）；14小时：44％（P趋势<0.0001）；≥15h：40％（P趋势<0.0001）。II：0-1h：-12％（P趋势= 0.09）；2小时：17％（P趋势= 0.09）；14小时：-14％（P趋势= 0.009）；≥15h：-3％（P趋势= 0.37）。EDIH在预测空腹和非空腹C肽浓度方面优于II，表明EDIH可能更好地评估高胰岛素症对成年男性和女性的疾病风险的饮食效应。

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发布时间: 2019-04-18

41. 转基因马铃薯配糖生物碱含量的修改–代谢影响

潘淑春

Metabolite profiling has been used to assess the potential for unintended composition changes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desirée) tubers, which have been genetically modified (GM) to reduce glycoalkaloid content, via the independent down-regulation of three genes SGT1, SGT2 and SGT3 known to be involved in glycoalkaloid biosynthesis. Differences between the three groups of antisense lines and control lines were assessed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and gas chromatography (GC)–MS, and data analysed using principal component analysis and analysis of variance. Compared with the wild-type (WT) control, LC–MS revealed not only the expected changes in specific glycoalkaloid levels in the GM lines, but also significant changes in several other metabolites, some of which were explicable in terms of known pathways. Analysis of polar and non-polar metabolites by GC–MS revealed other significant (unintended) differences between SGT lines and the WT, but also between the WT control and other control lines used.

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发布时间: 2015-07-30

42. 了解食品系统的过渡是获取营养的关键

李晓妍

通过确定食物选择的驱动因素和影响个人食物环境的因素，可以有效地改变食物系统，从而实现将农业与营养联系起来的有效策略。 这是最近在印度农业经济研究协会(AERA)会议上的关键信息之一，该会议的重点是“改变印度农村的格局”，了解其对印度经济的主要趋势、影响及其贡献。在全体会议上，小组成员通过案例研究说明了粮食系统的不同方面。 ICRISAT首席科学家Shalander Kumar博士以印度特兰加纳的一个案例研究为例，建议绘制农村食品环境地图，并确定和评估以营养为导向的价值链干预措施。了解食品环境为食品系统/价值链和消费者行为之间提供了关键的接口，这对于设计加强农业和营养联系的有效战略至关重要。

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发布时间: 2020-03-30

43. 不同分子量的壳聚糖涂层延迟采后油桃果实的衰老与氧化还原状态和呼吸道途径代谢的变化有关

mj

本研究的目的是研究不同分子量的壳聚糖处理（LM 30kDa；HM 120kDa）对采后油桃果实中氧化还原状态和呼吸途径代谢相关的果实衰老的影响，这些果实在25°C下储存8天。LM和HM壳聚糖的处理均延缓衰老，这是由于抑制呼吸速率和增强抗氧化系统使得ASA-GSH循环、总酚和类黄酮含量得到改善，而过氧化氢和MDA积累的减少证明了这一点。同时，用HM壳聚糖处理的果实表现出比LM更好的质量和氧化还原状态。值得注意的是，结果表明HM壳聚糖显著抑制了SDH酶的活性，并增加了G-6-PDH和6-PGDH的总活性。因此，HM壳聚糖涂层改变的呼吸途径导致采后油桃果实的衰老延迟和氧化还原状态的改变。

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发布时间: 2019-07-11

44. 利用政策指数捕捉美国农业部补充营养援助计划国家管理局的趋势和差异

niexiuping

该研究使用SNAP政策数据库的数据为1996 - 2014年，形成一个考虑的指标已被证明对国民经济增长产生统计显着影响的10个国家SNAP政策基于以前的研究，SNAP案例的积极或消极。这10项政策包括影响SNAP资格的4项政策：至少豁免SNAP中的1辆但不是全部车辆资产测试;免除SNAP资产测试中的所有车辆;广泛的分类资格（BBCE），它将SNAP的分类资格扩展到以其他符合条件的家庭为基础关于为贫困家庭提供临时援助的资产和总收入标准（TANF）计划;以及成人非公民的资格限制。另外三个政策有关交易成本：工作家庭必须重新认证SNAP的频率国家对某些家庭采取了简化报告要求，并取得了效果。

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发布时间: 2018-04-02

45. 对IgE结合表位的过敏原交叉反应的生物信息学筛选与检测

lixiaoman

蛋白质过敏原与交叉反应相关。相关序列的过敏原也与交叉反应相关，但是缺乏IgE抗体结合表位的相似性与交叉反应不相关。交叉反应是基于共享的抗原表位，这是由于共享序列和更高层次的结构（电荷和形状）。抗原表位可能具有重要的预测交叉反应的潜力，并提供可能的潜力，用于建立标准和确定过敏原之间的同源性。变应原的IgE结合的抗原表位的选择序列如何通过FASTA算法来确定一个阈值的意义。通过研究可以确定FASTA e值范围为1×10−5 – 1×10−6，它可以作为一个阈值来帮助识别潜在的交叉反应性。

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发布时间: 2017-03-17

46. 功能性食品、可持续性、蛋白、CRISPR和什么是“健康”成为美国食物和营养领域的主要趋势

lixiaoman

据2017-国际食物信息委员会基金会 -你的营养和食品安全资源报道，功能性食品、可持续性、蛋白、CRISPR和什么是“健康”成为美国关注的食物和营养的大趋势。 公众中的一个鲜为人知的概念，功能性食物或具有超越基本营养的健康益处的食物正在成为公众高度感兴趣和高需求的主题。 在2017年，聚焦灯光将照亮食品上市的“健康”。 在涉及到影响消费者食品和饮料采购决定的因素时，2016年食品卫生调查 发现，自2011年首次提出问题以来，“ 可持续性 ”标志着其最大增长。 没有迹象表明，蛋白质周围的健康光环将在2017年被淘汰。 无论是否与全谷物消费量增加相关，意大利面可能会重现。 CRISPR，一种以高度靶向的方式编辑生物体自身基因的生物技术，而不是来自其他生物体（或“转基因”）的基因的剪接，将成为主流。 美国最喜欢的热饮料将在2017年获得更多的关注， 美国的需求增长比其他市场快得多，并创造了新的记录。

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发布时间: 2017-03-24

47. 美国农业部批准明尼苏达州在线接受SNAP福利

李晓妍

美国农业部长桑尼·珀杜今天宣布，批准明尼苏达州向补充营养援助计划（SNAP）家庭提供食品在线采购的请求。这项批准将允许各州加快与目前授权的SNAP在线零售商实施在线采购，目标开始日期将在稍后公布。明尼苏达州的SNAP参与者有近40万人，近20万户家庭，每年获得的联邦资金总额超过5亿美元。这一声明进一步表明，特朗普总统通过确保受影响的人得到食物，在全美范围内应对冠状病毒大流行。

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发布时间: 2020-05-22

48. 开发动态监测食品保质期的智能酶指示剂

xinning

这项工作描述了一种新的智能时间 - 温度指示剂的开发，其工作原理基于淀粉和碘的化学反应以及淀粉酶在这个复杂过程中的作用，能根据介质的时间和温度引起一定速率的褪色。实验室模拟，制造工厂实验和销售点评估了各种酶在在TTI原型的浓度。结果表明，指示剂的颜色反应可以在视觉上被解释为对比色计测量的适应性。由于通过改变酶浓度来确定TTI保质期的可能性，该指示剂可用在许多易变质食物的生产链中控制温度条件，而且更加便宜，简单和精确。

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发布时间: 2015-04-27

49. 粮农组织： 粮农组织食品价格指数 2016年开始降至近 7 年来新低

潘淑春

The Food Price Index averaged 150.4 points in January, down 16 percent from a year earlier and registering its lowest level since April 2009. The FAO Food Price Index is a trade-weighted index tracking international market prices for five key commodity groups: major cereals, vegetable oils, dairy, meat and sugar. The main factors underlying the lingering decline in basic food commodity prices are the generally ample agricultural supply conditions, a slowing global economy, and the strengthening of the US dollar. This month, FAO also raised its forecast for worldwide cereal stocks in 2016, as a result of lowering its projected consumption and raising 2015 production prospects. The FAO Sugar Price Index fell 4.1 percent from December, its first drop in four months, as crop conditions improved in Brazil, by far the world's leading sugar producer and exporter. The Dairy Price Index dropped by 3.0 percent on the back of large supplies, in both the EU and New Zealand, and torpid world import demand. The FAO Cereal Price Index declined 1.7 percent (to 149.1 points) amid ample global supplies and increased competition for export markets, especially for wheat and maize, as well as a strong US dollar. The Vegetable Oil Price Index dropped 1.7 percent, mainly because of a decline in soy oil prices reflecting expectations of ample global soybean supplies. The Meat Price Index moved 1.1 percent lower than its revised December value, with prices of all meat categories falling, except pigmeat, which was sustained by the opening of private storage aid in the EU. Mixed early prospects for 2016 harvests Weather patterns associated with El Niño are sending mixed signals about the early prospects for cereal crops in 2016, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, according to FAO's Cereal Supply and Demand Brief, also released today. 2016 crop prospects have been "severely weakened" in Southern Africa, and a 25 percent cut in wheat production in South Africa now appears likely. Conditions for the crop are generally favourable in the Russian Federation and the European Union, but winter plantings declined in the United States and Ukraine. The area under wheat is also expected to be cut in India, following a poor monsoon and below average rains since October. The 2016 outlook for rice along and south of the Equator is "dim" due, at times, to insufficient water and, at others, to excessive rains. As for the 2015 season, FAO modestly raised its forecast for world cereal production to 2 531 million tonnes, up slightly from that released in December. Wheat output in Canada and Russia and maize output in China, Canada and Paraguay drove the upward revision. FAO also slightly raised its expectation regarding 2015 world rice production, mostly on account of higher forecasts for China, Viet Nam and the United States. At the same time, FAO lowered its forecast for world cereal utilization in the 2015/16 season to 2 527 million tonnes, which remains 0.8 percent above that of the previous year.This reflects a 2.0 percent increase for wheat, largely on account of higher livestock feed use in developed countries and a 0.3 percent increase in maize. World rice utilization is projected to expand by 1.1 percent, keeping world per-capita consumption stable. As a result of the upgraded production and downgraded consumption forecasts, world cereal stocks are set to end the 2016 seasons at 642 million tonnes, higher than they began. That level implies a steady and comfortable global cereal stock-to-use ratio of around 25 percent. However, the inventory build-up varies geographically and depending on the crop. Notable increases in wheat inventories are forecast for the United States, European Union and China whereas some reductions are likely in Canada, India and the Islamic Republic of Iran. On the other hand, world rice stocks would need to be drawn down to bridge the expected gap between world production and consumption, with much of the release likely to concern India and Thailand, the two leading rice exporters.

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发布时间: 2016-05-25

50. 家庭中维生素E的摄入状况与事件性结核病风险呈负相关

niexiuping

以前很少有研究评估预先存在的维生素E状态与结核病（TB）疾病进展风险之间的关系。 我们评估了3种维生素E异构体（α-生育酚，γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚）的基线血浆浓度与TB疾病风险之间的关联。在提供基线血液样本的6751名HIV阴性HHCs中，180名在随访期间发生了继发性结核。在控制可能的混杂因素之后，我们发现基线α生育酚缺乏会增加结核病发病风险（调整OR为1.59; 95％CI为1.02,2.50; P = 0.04）。与最高三分位组相比，δ-生育酚最低三分位组中的家庭接触者也有进展为结核病的风险增加（第3组与第3组相比，调整后的OR为2.29; 95％CI为1.29,4.09; P-趋势= 0.005）。我们发现γ-生育酚的基线浓度与事件性结核病之间没有相关性。维生素E缺乏症与指数结核病患者中HHC发展为结核病的风险增加有关。结核病高危人群中维生素E状况的评估可能在结核病控制工作中发挥作用。

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发布时间: 2018-05-30

51. 英国生物库中咖啡和茶的惯常消费和心脏代谢生物标志物：饮料类型和遗传变异的作用

李晓妍

习惯性饮用咖啡和茶与2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的发生之间的联系机制尚不清楚。本文利用从UK Biobank收集的饮食，遗传和生物标记数据来研究不同种类的咖啡和茶在心脏代谢健康中的作用。本研究纳入了2006-2010年≤447,794名年龄在37-73岁的参与者的数据，这些参与者提供了血液样本并完成了有关社会人口统计学因素、病史、饮食和生活方式的问卷调查。多变量线性回归用于检验咖啡或茶的摄入量与血中糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、总胆固醇、HDL胆固醇、LDL胆固醇、空腹甘油三酸酯（TGs）、apoA-1、apoB、脂蛋白-a和C反应蛋白（CRP）。测试了影响咖啡因代谢，反应或摄入的生活方式和遗传因素，以了解与生物标志物浓度相关的饮料摄入之间的相互作用。在英国生物库中，食用某些咖啡冲泡剂（如浓缩咖啡）与血脂之间存在不利的联系，而食用茶则具有良好的联系。研究结果并未受到影响咖啡因代谢的遗传变异的影响，表明这些饮料中非咖啡因成分在心脏代谢健康中的作用。

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发布时间: 2020-12-11

52. 早期生命营养与随后的国际移民:危地马拉农村的前瞻性研究

李晓妍

背景——人们普遍认为，移民在劳动力市场上是较好的自我选择，其技能如高等教育和更强的认知能力，这些与早年的营养状况密切相关。然而，早期生命营养对后期生命迁移的影响还有待研究。 目标——本研究的目的是在危地马拉东部4个乡村的2392名1962年至1977年出生的受试者中，前瞻性地研究24个月时身高与年龄z评分（HAZ）和随后的国际移民之间的关系。 方法——1969年至1977年间收集了有关营养状况和协变量的信息，并于2017年（40-57岁）确定了移民状况。我们使用比例危险和logistic回归模型来评估HAZ是否与国际移民有关，并对早期生活和成人特征进行调整。 结果——1978年至2017年间，在99212人次的随访中，共有297名国际移民（占原始队列的12.4%）。在根据早期生命特征进行调整的混合模型中，HAZ增加1-SD与国际移民风险增加19%相关。对村庄特征的进一步调整并没有实质性地改变估计数，而对受教育程度的额外调整则略微削弱了估计数。 结论——研究结果表明，幼年时期的营养状况与随后的国际移民呈正相关。

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发布时间: 2021-03-24

53. 血浆脂肪酸模式反映饮食习惯和代谢健康：一项交叉研究

潘淑春

Using pattern analysis, we investigated the relationship between plasma fatty acid patterns, dietary intake, and biomarkers of metabolic health using data from the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey. Methods and results Plasma fatty acid patterns were derived from 26 plasma fatty acids using k-means cluster analysis. Four clusters were identified, each with a distinct fatty acid profile. Cluster 1 included high proportions of linoleic acid (LA) and low proportions of stearic acid (SA); cluster 2 was higher in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and SA; the profile of cluster 3 was higher in very-long-chain saturated fatty acid (VLCSFA) and lower in α-linolenic acid (ALA) (cluster 3); while cluster 4 was higher in fatty acids related to de novo lipogenesis and 20:3n-6 and lower in LA (cluster 4). In general, cluster 4 was associated with adverse metabolic profile and higher metabolic risk (p < 0.033). Clusters 2 and 3 were associated with healthier and protective phenotypes (p < 0.033). Conclusion Distinct fatty acid patterns were identified which were related to demographics, dietary habits, and metabolic profile. A pattern higher in VLCSFA and lower in ALA was associated with healthier metabolic outcome.

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发布时间: 2016-05-04

54. “食物成瘾”的神经生物学及其对肥胖治疗的影响与政策

panshuchun

There is a growing view that certain foods, particularly those high in refined sugars and fats, are addictive and that some forms of obesity can usefully be treated as a food addiction. This perspective is supported by a growing body of neuroscience research demonstrating that the chronic consumption of energy-dense foods causes changes in the brain's reward pathway that are central to the development and maintenance of drug addiction. Obese and overweight individuals also display patterns of eating behavior that resemble the ways in which addicted individuals consume drugs. We critically review the evidence that some forms of obesity or overeating could be considered a food addiction and argue that the use of food addiction as a diagnostic category is premature. We also examine some of the potential positive and negative clinical, social, and public policy implications of describing obesity as a food addiction that require further investigation. .

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发布时间: 2016-08-31

55. 食用食用油与2型糖尿病的风险呈正相关

李晓妍

有证据表明，个人脂肪酸摄入量与2型糖尿病（T2D）风险之间的关系各不相同。然而，作为脂肪酸来源的不同食用油的摄入量与T2D事件之间的关系仍然是未知的。本文的目的是评估个别食用油的摄入与T2D事件之间的关系。研究结果显示，摄入猪油、花生油和精炼混合植物油与较高的T2D风险有关，相较而言，食用大豆油、菜籽油和芝麻油的风险则较低。总体上减少食用油的食用可能对中国人群预防T2D具有保护作用。

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发布时间: 2020-08-13

56. 不同老化方式对澳大利亚和日本牛腰肉的影响

李晓妍

本研究采用澳大利亚肉类标准(MSA)感官协议，研究了三种老化方法（干法、湿法和先湿后干法）和老化时间对牛肉腰肉的酸碱度、颜色、产量、脂质和蛋白质氧化以及食用质量的影响。澳大利亚牛腰(胸腰长肌)在死后4天进行湿式老化、干燥老化或先湿后干老化方法。干燥老化的pH值高于湿老化的牛腰肉。用仪器测量干熟和湿熟牛排的表面颜色，发现a*、b*和色相角有显著差异。两种老化方法的总含水量相似。干燥和湿老化样品之间的脂质（TBARS）和蛋白质（总羰基含量）氧化根据老化时间而不同。澳大利亚和日本消费者对干燥陈年牛排的评分显着高于湿老年牛排。日本消费者也认为所有MSA感官属性都低于澳大利亚牛肉。该研究的结果表明，干燥老化为国内和出口市场的肉类行业提供了增值机会。

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发布时间: 2019-08-28

57. 世界卫生日的精神食粮

潘淑春

Getting your daily nutrients can be more difficult now than it was in the past. Fruit and vegetables grown decades ago were much richer in vitamins and minerals than the varieties most of us get today. A study of British nutrient data from 1930 to 1980, published by the British Food Journal, found that in 20 vegetables the average calcium content had declined by 19 percent, iron by 22 percent and potassium by 14 percent.  Another study concluded that we would have to eat eight oranges today to derive the same amount of Vitamin A that our grandparents would have gotten from one. The reasons for this include:  Industrial farming, processing and trading methods are causing a decline of minerals e.g. copper, iron, magnesium and potassium, in fruit and vegetables.. Modern-day intensive agricultural methods are stripping more and more nutrients from the soil in which we grow food.. Artificial fertilizers used to speed the growth and productivity of crops might not take account of the delicate balance of mineral requirements in plants and foods.. Fruit and vegetable often embark on a long journey before landing in our homes. Nutritionists say this may be affecting their vitamin content as fresh fruit and vegetables are more likely to contain the most vitamins.. Using artificial ripening on vegetables like tomatoes lowers the nutritional value of the products - tomatoes accumulate nearly all the sugars and many flavonoids in their last 3 days on the vine.. To ensure you get the most nutritious fruits and vegetables, you should buy regularly from local organic farms.

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发布时间: 2016-04-29

58. FoodDrinkEurope---2018年欧洲食品和饮料行业的数据和趋势分析

mj

FoodDrinkEurope的最新数据和趋势报告刚刚发布，报告公布了关键数据，并提供了有关食品和饮料行业结构和经济表现的见解。 欧洲的食品和饮料行业意味着：为整个欧盟的457万人提供就业，营业额达1.1万亿欧元，且在2017年内增值2300亿欧元，这使其成为欧盟最大的制造业。在欧盟28个成员国的制造业中，有一半是食品和饮料行业，是制造业中最大的雇主。 数据和趋势报告还提供了市场前景，大约3/4的欧盟食品和饮料出口注定要进入单一市场。与此同时，欧盟是世界上最大的食品和饮料产品出口国。2017年，欧盟以外的出口额达到1100亿欧元，贸易顺差为350亿欧元。最后，该报告概述了全球前50家食品和饮料公司的排名。 尽管取得了这些明显的成果，但该行业面临着许多挑战：与营业额相比，成本份额的增加使得增加产值的空间减少，迫使食品和饮料公司难以投资并增加研发（R＆D）支出。因此，与全球多个食品和饮料行业相比，欧盟食品和饮料行业的研发投入强度较低。 该报告是FoodDrinkEurope最成功、运行时间最长的出版物之一，以引人入胜的方式呈现了该行业对欧洲经济的重要贡献。在今年的版本中，特别关注英国退欧对于投资及生物类行业经济的重要性。

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发布时间: 2018-10-29

59. 城市化加剧使得印度面临新的营养挑战

lixiaoman

2017年印度国际食品药物管理局发布的全球食品政策报告在其特色新闻报道的首页刊登了有关公共利益的新闻稿。新闻稿突出了印度面临的新的营养不良挑战，营养不良的原因在于在未来几十年中越来越多的人口从农村地区转移到城市地区。

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发布时间: 2017-06-26

60. 美国国际开发署帮助促进巴基斯坦的营养、救济和生计活动

lixiaoman

伊斯兰堡——联合国世界粮食计划署（WFP）的营养项目遍及巴基斯坦以及联邦直辖部落地区（FATA）的救济活动，他们收到食品美国国际开发署的和平办公室的欢迎和推动。 美国国际开发署的1000万美元的捐款将用于购买急需的本地生产的货物，如黄豌豆，加碘盐和营养补充剂，营养补充剂有世界粮食计划署的Acha Mum和Maamta，用于救灾和民生项目。

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发布时间: 2017-03-17

61. 低温等离子体处理提高糙米发芽率及发芽糙米生物活性植物化学成分含量

韩宇静

对6个泰国发芽糙米品种(Germinated brown rice, 简称GBR)与冷等离子体处理的发芽糙米品种(cold plasma-treated germinated brown rice, 简称PGBR)的生物活性植物化学成分变化进行了比较。在最佳等离子条件下处理后，最敏感水稻品种的发芽率、根长和苗高分别提高了84%、57%和69%。对所有水稻品种而言，发芽糙米和冷等离子体处理的发芽糙米的抗氧化活性均无显著差异。相反，2天的发芽期中，冷等离子体处理的发芽糙米组的γ-谷维素含量高于发芽糙米组。冷等离子体处理的发芽糙米组某些品种的总酚类化合物、总维生素E、某些简单酚类、植物甾醇、三萜类和花青素的含量比发芽糙米组的含量高出一天的量。相比之下，随着发芽时间的延长，发芽糙米和冷等离子体处理的发芽糙米样本中2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉的浓度均显著降低。

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发布时间: 2019-07-09

62. 2015年十大食品趋势

xinning

食品技术研究所（IFT）出版的食品科技杂志在2015年4月一期以特约撰稿人A. Elizabeth Sloan的视角分析了2015年十大食品趋势。Sloan根据从各个行业得到的数据，做出了趋势预测。这些趋势涉及：新鲜和冷冻食物，饮食和特定生活方式，适量零食，新菜肴的发明，减法食谱，早餐，反思自然，全食物营养，少烹饪餐饮，饮食监测。

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发布时间: 2015-04-27

63. 葡萄籽原花青素提取物抑制HDAC的活性，从而增加PPARα磷酸化和靶基因表达

lixiaoman

葡萄籽原花青素提取物（GSPE）抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）2和3。HDAC的抑制作用导致PPARα靶基因转录以及增强脂肪酸分解代谢，并且其与降低血清甘油三酯水平相关。原花青素诱导的HDAC抑制剂可能代表一个新的机制。具体可从页面下载文章全文进行查看。

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发布时间: 2017-03-30

64. 扩展的食物营养教育计划

潘淑春

The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is designed to assist limited resource audiences in acquiring the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and changed behavior necessary for nutritionally sounds diets, and to contribute to their personal development and the improvement of the total family diet and nutritional well-being. About EFNEP Impacts Resources Conferences and Events Capacity Request for Application (RFA) (formerly the Formula Grant Opportunity (FGO)) – Instructions and resources related to the EFNEP RFA, 5-Year Program Plan/Annual Update, Budget Sheet and Budget Justification WebNEERS (formerly NEERS5) Impacting Lives, Investing in Futures (Video) Related Programs Contacts

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发布时间: 2015-02-11

65. 食品补充剂：消费者常见问题的答案

李晓妍

德国食品农业部为消费者进一步了解食品补充剂，列出了9个常见的关于食品补充剂的问题及答案，包括： 1. 什么是食物补充剂? 2. 食品补充剂和药品有什么区别? 3. 谁控制对食品法规定的遵守? 4. 在网上订购食物补充剂安全吗? 5. 哪些物质可以添加到食品补充剂中? 6. 维生素含量高的食物补充剂真的有助于预防某些疾病吗? 7. 是否建议服用食物补充剂? 8. 人们一次又一次地谈论着水果和蔬菜中维生素含量的减少以及土壤中矿物质含量的减少。这是真的吗? 9. 作为消费者，我在哪里可以找到关于食品补充剂的可靠信息?

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发布时间: 2020-03-24

66. 欧洲大西洋海岸野生海胆性腺营养品质和安全的季节性影响

殷小溪

海胆性腺是一种在欧洲广受欢迎的美食。本研究首次从性腺质量(与市场有关的特征，如颜色、质地和营养价值)和安全性(污染物水平)两个方面对两种商业开发的海胆种群进行了鉴定，以确定收获这一宝贵资源的最佳季节。产卵发生在春夏之间，但性腺指数在冬季仅有一个种群中达到高峰。在秋季两种群中，生殖腺硬度、蛋白质、脂质、多不饱和脂肪酸和类胡萝卜素含量最高，黄色最深，矿物质含量最低。一般来说，在海水和性腺中发现的微量无机和有机污染物在不同地点和季节的水平是相似的，对消费者来说风险较低。因此，尽管海胆性腺全年都可以安全地供人食用，但秋季可以收获高质量的性腺。 本文重点： 1.在两个采样点，性腺的品质和残留污染物水平均随季节而变化。 2.秋季性腺营养更丰富、质量更好、颜色更淡黄，但秋季矿物质含量较少。 3.性腺和海水中的主要污染物处于微量水平，不构成健康风险。 4.秋季是葡萄牙西北部海岸收获优质安全性腺的最佳季节。

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发布时间: 2019-03-01

67. 饮食、营养与癌症遗传学

lixiaoman

饮食与癌症之间的联系在人类癌症研究中有着悠久的历史，研究比较看重饮食因素对增加或减少癌症风险的机制。通过对饮食的改变可以改变基因的表观遗传状态，一个更现代的概念是表观遗传改变可能会增加或减少癌症风险的认识，主要是通过动物模型的研究。饮食和表观遗传的改变，一方面，表观遗传改变和癌症之间的关系；另一方面，在人类以及动物模型中支持两个观察性研究。然而，饮食与表观遗传改变直接增加或减少人类癌症的风险的结论是不太确定的。我们的研究认为，饮食和膳食补充剂对癌症风险的可衡量的效果最有可能在纵向研究和膳食危险因素以及人口变化的极端条件发挥作用。仔细分析这样的人群是最有可能揭示其中的分子机制，以及探究环境危险因素驱动癌变的过程。

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发布时间: 2017-03-30

68. 观点：食品安全和营养的未来 - 寻求双赢，应对取舍

niexiuping

气候变化和资源稀缺等全球趋势对粮食安全可能产生的影响在政治议程上很高。虽然食品安全的食品充足性方面处于中心阶段，但食品安全和营养质量的未来往往似乎被视为理所当然。本文基于2050年欧盟食品安全和营养预测研究的成果，讨论食品政策未来可能出现的紧张局势。在确保食品安全的同时增加粮食产量，同时减少资源和减少粮食浪费只是两个例子。需要粮食系统不同层面的创新来应对未来的挑战。快速的技术推广和新的食品相关产品的推出可能会对提供及时风险评估的能力施加压力，其范围可能还需要涵盖其他合法因素。未来的食品政策需要对食品安全以及营养和健康方面的影响更加敏感。必须采取全面的粮食系统方法，以提前确定和讨论可能存在的紧张局势和取舍，并以系统和透明的方式提前解决这些问题。

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发布时间: 2018-04-02

69. FSIS对即食肉类和家禽产品的微生物测试程序（RTE），1990–2016

lixiaoman

食品安全检验局（FSIS）对从1983年之后生产的即食（RTE）肉类和家禽产品进行了调控微生物检验程序。即食产品是对食品完全熟后再包装，不需要由消费者进一步烹饪。然而，这些产品在去皮、切片、包装时容易受到病原体的污染，因此还需要消除病原体的其他处理步骤。单核细胞增生李斯特菌（LM）是RTE产品特别关注的一种病原体，因为它能够生长在冷藏温度。加工场所需要保证RTE产品不被LM或其他病原体如沙门氏菌的污染，通过对产品加工环境暴露后进行施加处理，并使用生长抑制剂（抗菌剂等）来防止单增李斯特氏菌的生长，延长产品在货架上的寿命。

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发布时间: 2017-03-28

70. 利用尿生物标志物来评估钠摄入量：挑战与机会 -营养年评

潘淑春

This article summarizes current data and approaches to assess sodium intake in individuals and populations. A review of the literature on sodium excretion and intake estimation supports the continued use of 24-h urine collections for assessing population and individual sodium intake. Since 2000, 29 studies used urine biomarkers to estimate population sodium intake, primarily among adults. More than half used 24-h urine; the rest used a spot/casual, overnight, or 12-h specimen. Associations between individual sodium intake and health outcomes were investigated in 13 prospective cohort studies published since 2000. Only three included an indicator of long-term individual sodium intake, i.e., multiple 24-h urine specimens collected several days apart. Although not insurmountable, logistic challenges of 24-h urine collection remain a barrier for research on the relationship of sodium intake and chronic disease. Newer approaches, including modeling based on shorter collections, offer promise for estimating population sodium intake in some groups.

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发布时间: 2015-08-17

71. 越南胡志明市街头食品供应商和消费者食品安全知识、 态度和做法

潘淑春

This study had the major objective of evaluating the food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of consumers and vendors of street foods in Ho Chi Minh City (MCMC), Vietnam. There were three main surveys performed in this study. A total of 120 consumers and 40 street food vendors from four districts [Binh Thanh (BT), Thu Duc (TD), district 3 (D3) and district 8 (D8)] in HCMC contributed to the study on a voluntary basis. The surveyed consumers had adequate levels of food safety knowledge and attitudes. No significant difference (p > 0.05) occurred between the food safety knowledge levels of the consumers on the basis of gender. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) occurred on the basis of age, education level, food safety training status and location. In contrast, the street vendors had poor food safety knowledge and attitude levels. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the food safety knowledge levels of the vendors on the basis of gender and age. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found on the basis of food safety training status and education level. It was also noted that the vast majority (95%) of the vendors had not received any food safety training. With regards to the practices, it was determined that 52.5% of the vending sites were open air stands without any protection from the sun, wind and dust. 52.5% the vending stalls had no direct access to potable water, while 47.5% did not have adequate hand washing facilities and a further 30% lacked proper waste water and food disposal facilities. In addition, 52.5% of the vendors did not separate raw, partially cooked food and cooked food products. These findings highlighted that street food vendors in HCMC generally have poor food handling practices and most are operating under unhygienic conditions. These results should provide the Vietnamese government with even more reasons to increase their current efforts to improve the safety of street foods and food safety awareness of the consumers.

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发布时间: 2016-06-12

72. 由马萨诸塞州学校的样例看竞争性食品和饮料标准的实施：营养研究

潘淑春

Background. During 2012, Massachusetts adopted comprehensive school competitive food and beverage standards that closely align with Institute of Medicine recommendations and Smart Snacks in School national standards. Objective. We examined the extent to which a sample of Massachusetts middle schools and high schools sold foods and beverages that were compliant with the state competitive food and beverage standards after the first year of implementation, and complied with four additional aspects of the regulations. Design. Observational cohort study with data collected before implementation (Spring 2012) and 1 year after implementation (Spring 2013). Participants/setting. School districts (N=37) with at least one middle school and one high school participated. Main outcome measures. Percent of competitive foods and beverages that were compliant with Massachusetts standards and compliance with four additional aspects of the regulations. Data were collected via school site visits and a foodservice director questionnaire. Statistical analyses performed. Multilevel models were used to examine change in food and beverage compliance over time. Results. More products were available in high schools than middle schools at both time points. The number of competitive beverages and several categories of competitive food products sold in the sample of Massachusetts schools decreased following the implementation of the standards. Multilevel models demonstrated a 47-percentage-point increase in food and 46-percentage-point increase in beverage compliance in Massachusetts schools from 2012 to 2013. Overall, total compliance was higher for beverages than foods. Conclusions. This study of a group of Massachusetts schools demonstrated the feasibility of schools making substantial changes in response to requirements for healthier competitive foods, even in the first year of implementation.

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发布时间: 2015-07-30

73. 联合国粮食及农业组织审查全球食品贸易与营养的交叉点-IFT.org

卢思琪1

联合国粮食及农业组织总干事若泽·格拉齐亚诺·达席尔瓦称，我们需要重新制定食品监管内容，包括食品法规、标准、生产协议、补贴及信息披露，保护健康食品而非一般食品。促进健康饮食是联合国粮农组织授权的一部分，这更是我们应尽的义务。若泽·格拉齐亚诺·达席尔瓦在意大利罗马的国际粮食政策研究所（IFPRI）出版的《2018全球粮食政策报告》发布会上指出，今年的编辑工作重点为如何控制人们日益增长的对全球化的不满情绪，并提出所有国家都需要进行贸易往来，需要通过产品交换来养活他们的人口，但问题是什么样的交换。他还认为为了确保未来的食品体系能够为所有人提供健康食品，我们需要做出重大改变。特别是国际食品标准制定组织（如国际食品法典委员会）需要付出更多努力，要有长远的眼光。

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发布时间: 2018-07-06

74. 尽管低收入和中等收入国家的发育不良患病率不断下降，但社会经济不平等仍然存在

niexiuping

全球发育迟缓患病率在1990年至2016年间几乎减半，但这种下降是否有益于低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）的贫穷和农村人口尚不清楚。我们根据家庭财富和67个中低收入国家的居住地评估了5岁以下（5岁以下）儿童发育迟缓的时间趋势。1993年平均患病率为低收入国家53.7％，中等收入国家为48.2％，年平均线性下降分别为0.76和0.72个百分点。尽管在所有国家中最贫穷的40％和最富裕的60％组别都有类似的下降斜率（分别为0.78和0.74 pp），但低收入国家的绝对和相对不平等程度随着时间的推移而增加（SII从1993年的-19.3％至2014年的-23.7％，而CIX则从同期的-6.2％上升至-10.8％）。在中等收入国家，社会经济不平等保持稳定。总体而言，农村发育迟缓患病率比城市儿童下降更快（分别为0.78和0.55 pp）。发育迟缓的发生率正在下降。中等收入国家贫富差距稳定，低收入国家略有增加。随着时间的推移，城乡不平等正在减少。

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发布时间: 2018-05-30

75. 对硝磺草酮活性物质的农药风险评估的同行评价 -欧洲食品安全局

潘淑春

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Regulation’) lays down the procedure for the renewal of the approval of active substances submitted under Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. The list of those substances is established in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 686/2012. Mesotrione is one of the active substances listed in Regulation (EU) No 686/2012. In accordance with Article 1 of the Regulation, the rapporteur Member State (RMS), the United Kingdom, and co-rapporteur Member State (co-RMS), Belgium, received an application from Syngenta Crop Protection AG for the renewal of approval of the active substance mesotrione. Complying with Article 8 of the Regulation, the RMS checked the completeness of the dossier and informed the applicant, the co-RMS (Belgium), the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) about the admissibility. The RMS provided its initial evaluation of the dossier on mesotrione in the renewal assessment report (RAR), which was received by EFSA on 23 February 2015. In accordance with Article 12 of the Regulation, EFSA distributed the RAR to the Member States and the applicant, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, for comments on 17 April 2015. EFSA also provided comments. In addition, EFSA conducted a public consultation on the RAR. EFSA collated and forwarded all comments received to the European Commission on 18 June 2015. Following consideration of the comments received on the RAR, it was concluded that additional information should be requested from the applicant, and that EFSA should conduct an expert consultation in the areas of mammalian toxicology, residues, environmental fate and behaviour and ecotoxicology. In accordance with Article 13(1) of the Regulation, EFSA should adopt a conclusion on whether mesotrione can be expected to meet the approval criteria provided for in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions laid down in this report were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of mesotrione as a herbicide on maize, as proposed by the applicant. Full details of the representative uses can be found in Appendix A of this report. The use of mesotrione according to the representative use proposed at EU level results in a sufficient herbicidal efficacy against the target weeds. In the area of identity, physical/chemical/technical properties and methods of analysis, a data gap was identified for specifying two of the significant impurities on dry weight basis. Data gaps were identified for validation data of methods used in data generation. Regarding the mammalian toxicology area, a number of data gaps were identified. The toxicological relevance of individual impurities present in the technical specification in comparison with the toxicity profile of mesotrione needs to be addressed. Interspecies comparative in vitro metabolism should be conducted to identify at least potentially unique human metabolites to mesotrione. As the genotoxic potential of metabolite AMBA could not be ruled out due to positive results obtained in an in vitro cytogenetic assay, and no in vivo genotoxicity testing was performed, a critical area of concern has been identified regarding consumer risk assessment; repeated dose toxicity would also have to be addressed for this metabolite. Mesotrione is proposed to be classified as Repr. 2 for development by the peer review (in contrast with the harmonised classification according to CLP Regulation) and adverse effects were observed on endocrine organs. Therefore, according to the interim provisions of Annex II, point 3.6.5 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 concerning human health, mesotrione may be considered to have endocrine disrupting properties. As no study is available to investigate a potential ED mode of action, a general data gap has been identified such as level 2 and 3 indicated in the OECD Conceptual Framework to address this issue; this was identified as another critical area of concern. The consumer dietary risk assessment could not be finalised with regard to products of animal origin considering the requested clarification of the genotoxic potential and the toxicological profile of AMBA. Furthermore, the consumer risk assessment from consumption of drinking water could not be finalised whilst the nature of residues in drinking water following water treatment had not been addressed. A data gap was also identified for the determination of the residues in pollen and bee products for human consumption. Enough information was available to finalise the exposure assessment in the environment. Nevertheless, a data gap has been identified for the applicant to address the substances of potential toxicological concern that could be derived from mesotrione and its metabolites under drinking water treatment procedure conditions to assess if the approval criteria in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 are satisfied. In the area of ecotoxicology, a data gap and a critical area of concern were identified to further address the long-term risk for wild mammals. A data gap was identified to further refine the risk to aquatic organisms in the scenarios R2, R3, and R4. Data gaps were also identified for bees to provide information to further assess the risk to adult honeybees and honeybee larvae from exposure via guttation and via consumption of contaminated water. Effects on HPG development should be considered. Furthermore additional data would be needed to assess the risk to honeybees for relevant metabolites in pollen and nectar. The risk to non-target terrestrial plants was low with mitigation measures. A data gap was also identified to further address the sensitivity to mesotrione of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant species.

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发布时间: 2016-03-24

76. 对健康承诺：全国性的夏令营营养和饮食干预提高了儿童、家长和工作人员的营养知识和健康饮食行为

潘淑春

Background Park and recreation agencies (PRAs) are the health/wellness leaders in their communities. PRAs provide a safe place for children during summers, provide millions of nutritious meals, and teach children about eating healthily. Methods Commit to Health (C2H) interventions help PRAs provide nutritious meals, and implement nutrition standards and nutrition education. During the summer of 2014, C2H operated in 557 locations (∼257,000 children grades K-6). An evaluation of impact included pre-June and post-August surveys of a nationwide representative sample including 426 children, 92 staff, and 116 parents. Results Results show significant improvements in nutrition knowledge and eating behaviors. Children: statistically significant improvements in correct responses regarding nutrition knowledge topics: main antioxidants/vitamins found in fruits/vegetables (14.8% to 34.0%, McNemar Test; p=0.000), which type of cereal is best (57.7% to 72.3%; p=0.000), type of food that is a protein (64.1% to 72.5%,; p=0.000), foods with most fiber (43.9% to 65.3%; p=0.000), organ that regulates sugar (39.7% to 51.9%; p=0.002). Child eating behavior improvement: increases in fruits (z-2.801; p=0.005), bell peppers (z-2.483; p=0.013), spinach, and low-fat dairy; decrease in consumption of sugary beverages. Parents: increases in consumption vegetables (z-score -2.22; p=0.026), bell peppers (z-2.166; p=0.030), spinach (z-3.213; p=0.001), summer squash (z-2.867; p=0.004), and fish (z-2.553; p=0.011). Smaller increases in consumption of tropical fruits, stone fruits, and low-fat dairy. Staff reported similar increase in consumption of bell peppers, spinach, tropical fruits, stone fruits, summer squash, and lean proteins. Conclusion C2H shows child and adult healthy eating behaviors can be improved via summer camp programming.

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发布时间: 2015-09-15

77. 为健康补充谷物和豆类：高粱黄酮化合物和豇豆黄酮醇抗结肠肌成纤维细胞脂多糖诱导的炎症中的协同作用

lixiaoman

在传统的文化饮食中，谷物和豆类经常是一起被消费的，并可能提供互补的健康的不可缺少的氨基酸的摄入量。我们本次研究使用了一个体外炎症模型，来探讨是否不同的黄酮化合物（高粱和豇豆）可以协同减少炎症。研究结果表明，集合谷物和豆科植物黄酮醇的相关结构，他们通过相关依赖的机制来抗结肠肌成纤维细胞脂多糖诱导的炎症反应。

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发布时间: 2017-03-24

78. Vilsack秘书宣布为学校提供2500万美元的学校食品服务新设备，以帮助学校提高膳食质量

mj

农业部长汤姆维尔萨克今天宣布将提供2500万美元的赠款，用于帮助国家学校午餐计划（NSLP）的运用，为学校提供新的节能设备以替换过时的设备，如冰箱、烤箱和其他食品服务相关设备。这笔资金将根据1966年儿童营养法第7（a）（2）条条例，一次性拨款给国家教育机构。 维尔萨克说：“奥巴马总统和我致力于通过我们的全国学校午餐计划确保美国儿童能够获得安全营养的食物。这些拨款将帮助学校获得急需的基础设施，以更好地为学生服务，并将重点放在帮助学校提供营养餐、支持食品安全工作、提高能源效率和扩大参与学校营养计划的设备上。” 根据该法案的规定，美国农业部的食品和营养服务（FNS）将向参与NSLP的学校食品管理部门颁发这些拨款，并且在2009财年没有获得2009年美国恢复和再投资法案的NSLP设备援助的学校。此外，优先考虑50％或以上学生有资格享受NSLP免费或优惠价格膳食的学校。 “美国农业部的首要任务之一是在上学期间为我们的孩子提供均衡、健康的膳食和小吃，”维尔萨克说。“美国农业部全国学校午餐计划提供的午餐可以帮助孩子们选择健康饮食和生活方式。” NSLP在全国超过101000所公立和非营利私立学校和住宿儿童保育机构开展工作，与FNS的其他营养援助计划协同工作，形成了一个反饥饿的国家安全网。它为所有经济背景的学龄儿童提供均衡、健康的膳食，旨在满足美国人的膳食指南。在某些情况下，学校午餐是有需要的孩子的主要每日膳食。 国会目前正在考虑重新授权“儿童营养法”，该法为全国学校午餐和早餐计划提供了大纲，为超过3100万儿童提供服务。行政重点包括消除阻碍儿童参与学校营养计划的障碍、提高学校膳食质量和学校环境的健康状况，以及提高计划绩效。

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发布时间: 2018-10-11

79. 营养调控：共轭亚油酸在脂肪组织中的炎症和褐变特性

lixiaoman

肥胖是当今美国最普遍的营养疾病，因此制定有效和安全的战略来管理多余的脂肪是非常必要和重要的。其中减轻肥胖的一个有效策略是消耗共轭亚油酸（CLA）的含有补充剂的异构体，cis-9, trans-11和 trans-10, cis-12或者仅仅是 trans-10, cis-12。提出了利用共轭亚油酸来减肥的机制，包括调节脂肪细胞脂质代谢、类脂（化合）物代谢作用、炎症、脂肪细胞凋亡、褐变的脂肪组织以及能量代谢。然而，机体丢失脂肪的介导反应与共轭亚油酸的因果关系，特别是炎症、发热和能量代谢之间的联系还尚不清楚。本文主要探讨共轭亚油酸的减肥特性主要是由于炎症信号还是共轭亚油酸与脂肪分解，产热，和白、棕色脂肪组织褐变的联系。我们提出了一系列的问题来研究调节共轭亚油酸减肥特性时对交感神经系统的作用。

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发布时间: 2017-03-16

80. 关于时间：进食时机是肥胖的一个复杂风险因素

李晓妍

进食频率和进食时机的话题是目前大众媒体中患者和公众热衷的营养话题“热点”。虽然人们普遍认为这一话题已经得到了充分的研究，但由于缺乏合适的研究，官方的、基于证据的建议还没有开发出成人一天中应该多少次或多少时间吃正餐、零食和喝高热量饮料。到目前为止，大多数营养学研究都只关注吃什么，而不是什么时候吃。在本期《美国临床营养学杂志》上，Dashti等人在他们的论文中填补了这一空白，题为“晚食与心脏代谢风险特征、致肥行为和减肥障碍有关。” 据统计，与早食者相比，晚食者有更高的几率出现减肥障碍、有压力时吃东西、晚上暴饮暴食、边看电视边吃东西。在饮食时间和肥胖之间的关联中，许多因素之间的关系的优势和方向需要在多个不同的人群中进行进一步的纵向调查，包括社会经济因素。 报告显示，在北美成年人中，晚吃、吃零食和不吃早餐的习惯正在增加。随着伪科学和毫无根据的饮食建议越来越多，人们很容易受到没有证据的潜在危险的饮食建议的影响。因此学界需要更多关于进食时间的研究，如Dashti等人进行的研究，以确定进食时间是否为一般人群更健康的生活方式和更好的患者风险管理的干预目标点。

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发布时间: 2021-03-21

81. 澳大利亚成年人摄入游离糖和微量营养素稀释液

niexiuping

这项二次分析旨在评估游离糖摄入量对微量营养素稀释的影响，并根据2011-2012年澳大利亚健康调查的数据估计游离糖摄入量的阈值水平，在此水平下微量营养素摄入量的下降变得明显。分析了完成两次24小时召回的成年受访者（加权n = 6150）的膳食数据。采用了已发布的10步法，并用于估计受访者的游离糖摄入量。观察到大多数微量营养素的峰值摄入量在5％和<15％之间，％EFS。观察到大部分微量营养素摄入量在EFS> 25％时显着降低。在EFS <5％时，一些微量营养素摄入量减少。当EFS％在5％和25％之间时，仅观察到微量营养素消耗的微小变化。随着游离糖摄入量的增加，核心食物摄入量减少，酌情食物增加。发现高游离糖摄入量，特别是> 25％的EFS对大多数营养素具有显着的稀释作用。然而，EFS <5％的游离糖摄入量可能会增加与总能量摄入不足相关的微量营养素摄入量过低的风险。

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发布时间: 2018-05-30

82. 对超重和肥胖的绝经后妇女随机对照试验证明，绿茶提取物和COMT基因型可改变空腹血清胰岛素和血浆脂联素浓度

潘淑春

Abstract. Background: Green tea consumption has been associated with favorable changes in body weight and obesity-related hormones, although it is not known whether these changes result from green tea polyphenols or caffeine. Objective: We examined the impact of decaffeinated green tea extract (GTE) containing 843 mg of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on anthropometric variables, obesity-associated hormones, and glucose homeostasis. Methods: The Minnesota Green Tea Trial was a 12-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 937 healthy postmenopausal women assigned to either decaffeinated GTE (1315 mg total catechins/d) or a placebo, stratified by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype. This study was conducted in a subset of 237 overweight and obese participants [body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2]. Results: No changes in energy intake, body weight, BMI, or waist circumference (WC) were observed over 12 mo in women taking GTE (n = 117) or placebo (n = 120). No differences were seen in circulating leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, or glucose concentrations at month 12. Participants randomly assigned to GTE with baseline insulin ≥10 μIU/mL (n = 23) had a decrease in fasting serum insulin from baseline to month 12 (−1.43 ± 0.59 μIU/mL), whereas those randomly assigned to placebo with baseline insulin ≥10 μIU/mL (n = 19) had an increase in insulin over 12 mo (0.55 ± 0.64 μIU/mL, P < 0.01). Participants with the homozygous high-activity (G/G) form of COMT had significantly lower adiponectin (5.97 ± 0.50 compared with 7.58 ± 0.53 μg/mL, P = 0.03) and greater insulin concentrations (7.63 ± 0.53 compared with 6.18 ± 0.36 μIU/mL, P = 0.02) at month 12 compared with those with the low-activity (A/A) genotype, regardless of treatment group. Conclusions: Decaffeinated GTE was not associated with reductions in body weight, BMI, or WC and did not alter energy intake or mean hormone concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women over 12 mo. GTE decreased fasting insulin concentrations in those with elevated baseline fasting concentrations. The high-activity form of the COMT enzyme may be associated with elevations in insulin and a reduction in adiponectin concentrations over time. This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00917735. .

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发布时间: 2016-03-23

83. 体外结构 - 功能关系研究揭示了维生素E长链代谢产物的不同特异性效应

niexiuping

维生素E的细胞色素依赖性代谢最初形成人血液中发生的长链代谢物（LCM）13'-羟基苯并二氢吡喃醇（13'-OH）和13'-羧基苯并二氢吡喃醇（13'-COOH）。关于它们的生物功能知之甚少。使用α-和δ-生育酚（TOH），它们的LCM（α-13'-OH，δ-13'-OH，α-13'-COOH和δ-13'-COOH）的构效关系研究它们的子结构代表（α-羧乙基羟基苯并二氢吡喃醇和丙酮酸）被用于解开LCM的关键结构元件的生物活性。LCM效应取决于色原烷醇环体系的存在和侧链的改性，而不取决于苯并二氢吡喃醇环的取代模式。因此，可以得出结论，为了调解LCM的效应，需要整个分子，并且效果是特定的。我们提出微量营养素维生素E的LCM作为一类新的调节性代谢物，但需要进一步的研究来证实这一假设。

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发布时间: 2017-11-30

84. 通过连接和建立研究基础设施，推进欧洲的食品，营养和健康研究：EuroDISH项目的成果

niexiuping

研究基础设施（RI）对于推动关于食物，营养和健康之间关系的研究至关重要。研究机构将促进创新，并在系统层面提供设计（公共卫生）战略所需的见解，以更有效地应对社会挑战。EuroDISH项目明确提出了在食品和健康领域开发RIs的需求。它表明了一个独特的跨学科和多利益相关者RI的必要性，它涵盖了整个研究领域。 DISH-RI应为研究机构提供服务，以促进网络和社区建设，并提供标准化，互操作性和创新性数据和工具。它应该满足研究领域内部和之间的科学需求，并利用当前的举措。通过向政策制定者和行业提供服务，解锁数据并通过公私合作实现研究洞察力的实现，也可以创造附加价值。这些服务（如所有权）的治理以及RI本身的集中和分散活动（例如灵活性，创新）需要组织起来，并与公私合作伙伴的不同利益相一致。

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发布时间: 2018-04-02

85. 关于营养敏感农业和食品系统的电子学习板块

李晓妍

联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，简称FAO)网站上设立了营养敏感农业和粮食系统电子学习板块，该板块帮助来自任何食品和农业领域的专业人员设计、实施、监测和评估营养敏感的方案、投资和政策。通过多方利益相关者的协商过程和使用基于场景和经验的学习方法，这些模块涵盖了所有形式的营养不良和内容的多样性。该电子学习模块的所有课程都是免费的。

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发布时间: 2020-03-30

86. 膳食植物、肠道菌群与肥胖：影响与机制

李晓妍

肥胖是导致许多疾病的主要因素，如糖尿病、心血管疾病和癌症。因此，寻求安全有效控制肥胖的方法至关重要。肠道微生物群通过调节能量代谢在肥胖的发生中起着关键作用。饮食可以改变肠道菌群的组成和丰度，许多膳食植物通过调节肠道菌群的生物活性成分能够发挥抗肥胖作用。在这篇综述中，与肥胖相关的肠道微生物群被归纳与归类为致肥胖和抗肥胖两大类。研究发现，某些菌群与肥胖症发展呈正相关，但大多数乳杆菌和某些拟杆菌属具有抗肥胖作用。一些膳食植物，例如葡萄、苹果、姜黄、辣椒、大豆、高粱和大麦等，通过增加肠道菌群的多样性，上调抗肥胖肠道菌群和下调致肥胖肠道，表现出抗肥胖功效。这篇综述可能会促进通过调节肠道菌群来治疗肥胖症的功能性食品的进一步发展。

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发布时间: 2019-10-14

87. 肠道菌群在蛋白质代谢中的作用及与健康相关的结果：正反两方面

panshuchun

Scope and Approach This review provides an up-to-date description of the dominant pathways/genes involved in amino acid metabolism in gut bacteria, and provides an inventory of metabolic intermediates derived from bacterial protein fermentation that may affect human health. Advances in understanding bacterial protein fermentation pathways and metabolites generated at a global level via the implementation of ‘omics’ technologies are reviewed. Finally, the impact of dietary protein intake and high-protein diets on human health is discussed. Key Findings and Conclusions The intestinal microbiota is able to synthesize amino acids, but the net result of amino acid production and utilization, according to dietary patterns still needs to be determined. The amount of ingested dietary protein appears to modify both the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota as well as the luminal environment of the intestinal epithelium and peripheral tissues. The understanding of the consequences of such changes on the host physiology and pathophysiology is still in an early stage but major progress is expected in the near future with the investigation of host-microbe omics profiles from well-controlled human intervention studies.

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发布时间: 2016-08-31

88. 食用花卉：饮食中的新兴成分

李晓妍

为了寻求更健康的生活方式和改变饮食习惯，市场上出现了可行且更安全的替代产品。尤其是食用花卉，通过添加颜色、风味和其他感官特征，能够使菜肴更具吸引力，从而在其成分中也呈现出生物活性化合物，如多酚，可能提供有益健康的效果。本文综述了野生食用花卉的生产、采收、贮藏及加工、包装、消费等方面的研究进展。此外，还综述了最丰富的生物活性分子，即酚类化合物，尤其是花色苷。文章还讨论了一些萃取技术，例如固液萃取（SLE）、超临界流体萃取（SFE）、超声辅助萃取（UAE）、加压液体萃取（PLE）和微波辅助萃取（MAE）等，都是最常用的溶剂。特别关注食用花卉中存在的花色苷。酚类化合物具有用作天然添加剂（即防腐剂和着色剂）的潜力，可以用作人造香料的替代品。本文仅对一小部分食用花卉进行了研究，后续需要进行更多的研究加以充分利用。

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发布时间: 2019-10-22

89. 全谷物摄入与胰腺癌风险:丹麦、饮食、癌症和健康队列

李晓妍

背景——胰腺癌是一种高致死率且预后不良的疾病。预防这种疾病的知识有限，因此，识别危险因素对降低疾病发生率具有重要意义。 目标——本研究的目的是前瞻性地调查胰腺癌发病率与全谷类食物摄入量之间的关系，测量方法有两种：全谷类食物摄入量和全谷类食物摄入量。此外，还调查了这些食品的亚组摄入量：全谷类食品（黑麦面包、全谷类面包和燕麦片/麦片）和谷类食品（黑麦、小麦和燕麦）。 方法——总共有55995名年龄在50-64岁之间的丹麦成年人参与了这项研究，其中446人患上了胰腺癌（平均随访17.5年）。全谷类食品的每日摄入量的详细信息可从经验证的自我管理FFQ中获得，全谷类食品（小麦、黑麦和燕麦）的摄入量可通过24小时膳食回忆中的信息进行估计。 结果——全谷类食品总摄入量与每份（50 g/d）胰腺癌发病率降低7%相关，在性别特异性分析中，仅在男性中发现相反的关联。未发现与全谷类食物总摄入量相关。当单独调查特定的全麦产品和谷类食品时，没有一种单独与胰腺癌的低发病率相关。 结论——研究结果表明，摄入全谷类食物与中年男性患胰腺癌的风险降低有关。大量食用全谷类食品可能有助于降低胰腺癌风险。

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发布时间: 2021-03-24

90. 肥胖和脂代谢性别差异的遗传基础

niexiuping

男性和女性在肥胖，心血管疾病和糖尿病方面表现出显着差异。为了给两性提供更好的诊断和治疗，重要的是确定观察到的性别差异的基础因素。传统上，性别差异归因于男性和女性性腺分泌物（通常称为性激素）的不同作用，这实质上影响代谢和相关疾病的许多方面。作为性别差异的贡献者，较少被赞赏是男性和女性之间基本的遗传差异，其最终由存在XX或XY性染色体补体决定。在这里，我们回顾了性腺激素和性染色体补体各自有助于脂质代谢和相关疾病的机制，以及目前用于研究它们的方法。我们特别关注遗传方法，包括人类和小鼠的全基因组关联研究，组织学和系统遗传学方法，以及独特的实验性小鼠模型，可以区分性腺和性染色体的影响

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发布时间: 2017-11-30

91. 植物和草药 ︰ 食物或药物？

潘淑春

Written records of the use of botanicals, herbs, and spices in medicine and food date back more than 5,000 years (Swerdlow 2000). Even as recently as 1890, 59% of the listings in the U.S. Pharmacopeia were from herbal products (Swerdlow 2000). It has been estimated that as many as one-third to one-half of currently used drugs were originally derived from plants (Barrett et al. 1999). According to the World Health Organization, traditional medicine is characterized by herbal remedies, which are the foundation of the present widespread use of traditional medicine in China, Africa, Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America. Egyptian schools of herbalists are said to have existed since 3000 B.C. (Penn State Extension 2016). Two of the identified uses of herbs described in oral history are the use of borage (Borago officinalis), administered to those who needed courage, and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), which was given for memory problems. Despite these interesting healthful applications, it is important to remember that borage oil, a source of γ-linolenic acid, also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Wretensjö and Karlberg 2003). The pharmacology of rosemary is considerably more complex; it is based on caffeic acid and its phenolic derivatives (Al-Sereitia et al. 1999). Adverse events associated with rosemary involve allergic reactions and pulmonary distress. These events are rare, however (Barceloux 2008). A cursory survey of the Internet yields a myriad of articles, blogs, and, of course, marketing and sales websites devoted to botanicals, herbs, herbalism, and herbal medicine. These terms are seen in discussions of Ayurvedic, traditional Chinese medicine, and traditional African medicine and seem consubstantial with declarations of fresh air, rest, and proper diet as the basis for achieving and maintaining health and treating a vast spectrum of diseases. Recurrent themes include the “Doctrine of Signatures,” which suggests that the physical appearance of an herb is indicative of therapeutic use; the notion that plants grown in a certain area tend to cure the diseases afflicting that region; the idea that herbs are “holistic;” and the position that the various whole plant extracts in herbal medicines are superior to the single pure component of a drug since the multiple ingredients enhance therapeutic effect and limit side effects. Throughout world markets, including those in developing countries, species of medicinal plants appear to be playing an increasingly important role; they are abundant, locally available, relatively inexpensive, and consistently associated with safety and efficacy (George 2011). According to a 2008 consumer assessment of herbal product usage, herbal products have gained popularity in recent times and even 10 years ago were used by approximately 20% of the population (Bent 2008). There seem to be almost as many definitions of these apparently simple plant-related terms as there are examples of the plants that they are purported to describe. Ingredients characterized as botanical or herbal appear in teas, foods, tinctures, oils, extracts, syrups, tablets, lozenges, creams, salves, lotions, and poultices. The dose and form of a botanical preparation play important roles in its safety. Teas, tinctures, and extracts have very different strengths. The same amount of a botanical may be contained in a cup of tea, a few teaspoons of tincture, or an even smaller quantity of an extract. Each botanical or herb may contain any stable or variable combination and dose of dozens of compounds such as fatty acids, sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and others (Rotblatt and Ziment 2002). Herbs are often perceived as natural and therefore safe, despite the fact that many different side effects have been reported, likely related to varying, unknown, or unstudied active ingredients, contaminants, or interactions with drugs (Bent 2008). Particularly concerning is that the true frequency of side effects for most herbs is not known because most have simply not been tested in large clinical trials and because surveillance systems and compendia of classification such as the German Commission E reports are much less extensive or scientifically substantive than similar works that exist for pharmaceutical products (Blumenthal et al. 1998).

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发布时间: 2016-04-29

92. 以氨基酸为基础的大豆，玉米和高粱即用型治疗食品与用于治疗儿童严重急性营养不良的标准牛奶和花生糊基制剂同样有效：非劣效性单独随机控制的药效临床试验

niexiuping

我们的目的是比较PM-RUTF与无牛奶粉和牛奶，大豆，玉米和高粱（MSMS）的富含结晶氨基酸的无乳大豆，玉米和高粱（FSMS）-RUTF的功效）含9.3％脱脂牛奶粉的-RUTF。 这种非盲，三臂，平行组，简单的随机对照试验招募了严重急性营养不良的马拉维儿童。 在意向治疗分析中，FSMS-RUTF显示24-59岁儿童（△：-1.9％; 95％CI：-9.5％，5.6％）和6-23个月（Δ ：-0.2％; 95％CI：-7.5％，7.1％）与PM-RUTF相比。 MSMS-RUTF也显示24-59岁儿童（△：0.0％; 95％CI：-7.3％，7.4％）和6-23个月（△：0.6％; 95％CI：-4.3）的恢复率不劣于％，5.5％）。恢复率的非劣效性也在每个协议分析中被观察到。对于在该项目中停留的时间（治疗时间），24-59 mo（Δ：2.8 d; 95％CI：-0.8,6.5 d）和6-23 mo（Δ：3.4 d）儿童的FSMS-RUTF （Δ：0.2 d; 95％CI：-3.1,3.6 d）和6-23 mo（Δ：1.2 d; 95％CI：-1.2，8.0 d）和MSMS-RUTF ％CI：-3.4,5.8 d）不逊于PM-RUTF。平均血红蛋白升高2.1（95％CI：1.6,2.6）和1.3（95％CI：0.9,1.8），平均血红蛋白升高，FSMS-RUTF也显着优于PM-RUTF对贫血儿童的血红蛋白和铁储备对于FSMS-RUTF和PM-RUTF，体内铁储存量分别增加2.0（95％CI：0.8,3.3）和0.1（95％CI：-1.1,1.3）。不含牛奶的FSMS-RUTF治疗6-23岁和24-59岁儿童严重急性营养不良症状有效。纠正缺铁性贫血比PM-RUTF更好。

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发布时间: 2017-11-30

93. 取消营养标准的建议将危害儿童健康和营养

李晓妍

美国农业部(USDA)发布了一项拟议中的规则，该规则拟取消当前学校膳食营养标准的重要方面，这一改变将会显著破坏《2010年健康、无饥饿儿童法案》所取得的进展。这一拟议的规则将削弱营养标准，消除所有儿童无论在何种学校环境下都能获得均衡和健康的学校膳食的保证，并降低食堂出售的其他食品的营养价值。学校的膳食理应与美国人的膳食指南相一致，包括在早餐和午餐供应各种水果和蔬菜。 这个考虑不周的提议是特朗普政府废除学校膳食营养标准的关键组成部分的延续，第一个规则于2018年12月定稿，削弱了全谷物、牛奶和钠的标准。 健康的校餐有助于防止儿童肥胖，改善整体健康状况，特别是对低收入儿童。美国农业部自己的研究以及其他研究表明，学校餐改善了儿童的饮食和健康。现在还不是取消营养标准的时候。

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发布时间: 2020-03-24

94. 膳食补充剂办公室-碘

李晓妍

本文是关于碘的易读概述。主要内容包括： （1）什么是碘，碘有什么作用？ 碘是某些食物中的矿物质。人体需要碘来制造甲状腺激素。这些激素控制人体的新陈代谢和许多其他重要功能。在怀孕和婴儿期，身体还需要甲状腺激素以促进骨骼和大脑的正常发育。 （2）我需要多少碘？ 每天需要的碘量取决于所处年龄段。文中以微克（mcg）列出了不同年龄段每日平均推荐量。 （3）哪些食物提供碘？ 某些食物中天然存在碘，碘也被添加到标有“碘化”的盐中。您可以通过食物来获得推荐的碘含量，如鱼等海鲜、乳制品、碘化盐等。 （4）有哪些碘膳食补充剂？ 膳食补充剂中的碘通常以碘化钾或碘化钠的形式提供。许多综合矿物质补充剂都含有碘。还可以提供含碘海带（海藻）的膳食补充剂。 （5）我摄取足够的碘吗？ 美国大多数人从食物和饮料中摄取足够的碘。但是，某些人群比其他人群更难获得碘：不使用碘盐的人、孕妇、遵循纯素食或不吃或不吃乳制品，海鲜和鸡蛋的人、生活在缺碘土壤地区的人们大多吃当地食物、摄入少量碘并且还吃含有甲状腺激素的食物的人。 （6）碘摄入不足怎么办？ 碘摄入不足的人不能产生足够量的甲状腺激素，在孕妇中，严重的缺碘会导致发育迟缓，智力残疾和性发育延迟，从而永久损害胎儿。不太严重的碘缺乏会导致婴儿和儿童的智商低于平均水平，并降低成年人的工作和清晰思考的能力。 （7）碘对健康有哪些影响？ 科学家正在研究碘，以了解碘如何影响健康。主要在胎儿和婴儿发育、儿童时期的认知功能、纤维囊性乳腺疾病、放射诱发的甲状腺癌等方面影响健康。 （8）碘会有害吗？ 摄入高水平的碘会导致某些与缺碘相同的症状，包括甲状腺肿（甲状腺肿大）。高碘摄入也会引起甲状腺炎症和甲状腺癌。 （9）碘与药物或其他膳食补充剂相互作用吗？ 是。碘补充剂可以相互作用或干扰您服用的药物。

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发布时间: 2020-11-05

95. 在热处理过程中植物油和动物脂肪丙烯酰胺的形成

潘淑春

The method of liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry was utilized and modified to confirm and quantify acrylamide in heating cooking oil and animal fat. Heating asparagine with various cooking oils and animal fat at 180 °C produced varying amounts of acrylamide. The acrylamide in the different cooking oils and animal fat using a constant amount of asparagine was measured. Cooking oils were also examined for peroxide, anisidine and iodine values (or oxidation values). A direct correlation was observed between oxidation values and acrylamide formation in different cooking oils. Significantly less acrylamide was produced in saturated animal fat than in unsaturated cooking oil, with 366 ng/g in lard and 211 ng/g in ghee versus 2447 ng/g in soy oil, followed by palm olein with 1442 ng/g.

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发布时间: 2016-06-08

96. 乳品加工环境地漏的微生物群落是由产品相关的细菌和酵母所导致

潘淑春

Floor-drains in food production environments harbour diverse microbes and can be contamination sources. To prevent cross-contamination with spoilage organisms or pathogens, sanitation protocols are regularly applied in food processing facilities. Along with product-associated samples, floor-drain water serves as an important indicator in hygiene monitoring in food processing facilities. However, knowledge about the microbial communities in floor-drains is still low. In this study, the microbial communities in floor-drain water and biofilm samples from an Austrian dairy plant were analysed and revealed that floor-drain microbial communities are dominated by product-associated microbes. DNA was extracted of drain water and drain biofilm samples from three different areas (n?=?6) of an Austrian cheese production facility. To characterise the bacterial and eukaryotic communities, 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing as well as cloning and sequencing of 18S rRNA genes were used. Floor-drain communities were dominated by product-associated bacterial (e.g. Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Streptococcus thermophilus) and eukaryotic phylotypes (e.g. Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces unisporus). In addition, putative drain water-derived phylotypes (e.g. Psychrilyobacter atlanticus, Cobetia marina) and ciliates were identified.

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发布时间: 2016-06-08

97. 选择实验中，消费者个体差异调查的两种不同策略的比较- 以偏好为基础的挪威冰咖啡案例研究

panshuchun

Two different strategies for investigating individual differences among consumers in choice experiments using the Mixed Logit Model are compared. The study is based on a consumer study of iced coffees in Norway. Consumers (n=102) performed a choice task of twenty different iced coffee profiles varying in coffee type, production origin, calorie content and price following an orthogonal design. Consumer attributes, such as socio-demographics, attitudes and habits, were also collected. Choice data were first analyzed using the Mixed Logit Model and then two different approaches were adopted for investigating consumer attributes. The first strategy, called one-step strategy, includes the consumer attributes directly in the Mixed Logit Model. The second strategy, called multi-step strategy, combines different methods of analysis such as Mixed Logit Model based on the design factors only, followed by Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares regression to study consumer attributes. The two approaches are compared in terms of data analysis methodologies, outcomes, practical issues, user friendliness, and interpretation. Overall, we think the multi-step strategy is the one to be preferred in most practical applications because of its flexibility and stronger exploratory capabilities.

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发布时间: 2016-09-01

98. 每日补充维生素B-12和叶酸对血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度升高的老年人骨折发生率的影响

李晓妍

血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度升高是骨质疏松性骨折的危险因素。本研究的目的是确定补充维生素B-12和叶酸是否能降低老年高同型半胱氨酸血症患者骨质疏松性骨折的发生率。 这是一项双盲、随机、安慰剂对照试验，研究对象为2919名年龄在65岁、同型半胱氨酸浓度升高（12-50 mmol/L）的受试者。参与者被分配接受每日500毫克维生素B-12加400毫克叶酸。对男性和女性以及年龄小于或大于80岁的个体进行探索性的预先指定的亚组分析。研究数据表明，维生素B-12和叶酸的联合补充对老年人骨质疏松性骨折的发病率没有影响。探索性的亚组分析表明，在80岁的受试者中，预防骨质疏松性骨折有着有益的效果。然而，这种有益效果也与癌症发病率的增加有关。因此，目前无法推荐维生素B-12加叶酸的补充用于预防老年人骨折。

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发布时间: 2020-08-13

99. 最新健康声明指南-欧洲食品安全局公众咨询

panshuchun

The original guidance document was published in 2007 and first updated in 2011. Since then EFSA’s Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA Panel). The revised guidance aims to assist applicants in preparing and presenting their applications for authorisation of health claims on food. It details the requirements that applicants need to meet and introduces a common format to assist them in the preparation of a well-structured application dossier. The changes aim to increase the efficiency and consistency of the application process.

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发布时间: 2016-08-31

100. 在习惯性饮食中，用花生代替白米棒作为零食，可以提高中国成年人代谢综合征的风险

李晓妍

观察性研究表明，摄入坚果与较低的心脏代谢疾病风险有关，而食用精制谷物则具有较高的风险。对于用坚果代替精米(一种精制谷物)是否对患心脏代谢疾病风险高的成年人有益，我们知之甚少。我们的目的是评估以花生代替白米作为零食对空腹血糖、血脂、体重以及代谢综合征(MetS)状态的变化，以及代谢综合征或代谢综合征风险参与者的变化。这项随机对照试验包括了224名患有MetS或存在MetS风险的参与者。参与者被随机分配到花生组或对照组。共有209名参与者(93.3%)完成了12周干预，所有参与者的符合率为85%。在空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、腰围和体重方面没有发现组间差异。花生组的参与者显著高于对照组的MetS逆转率。因此得出结论，在饮食习惯中加入花生来代替精制谷物零食，并没有显著改变血糖或血脂参数，但改善了总体代谢综合征风险，而没有促进心血管代谢疾病高风险的中国成年人体重增加。需要进一步的大规模试验来证实这些发现并阐明潜在的生物学机制。

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发布时间: 2021-03-08