摘要: 优质耕层快速构建是“非粮化”土壤复耕前提，但目前缺乏相应的重构材料。应用草本泥炭、苔藓泥炭、稻壳生物炭、木屑生物炭，蔬菜玉米壳及微生物菌剂，按不同配方创制耕层重构材料，并构建相应的评价方法体系。苔藓泥炭与稻壳生物炭配置形成的耕层重构材料质地疏松，蓄水保墒能力强；有机质含量高，范围介于658.85～704.92 g·kg-1，同时有机碳难降解指数范围为75.27%～84.71%，具备较高的固碳增汇潜力；有机碳、活性碳组分I、总腐殖酸、全氮、全钾、毛管孔隙度、pH可作为耕层重构材料的评价指标体系，结合质量指数模型可以评价耕层重构材料综合质量，依托该体系筛选出了最佳耕层重构材料配方，即当苔藓泥炭(M)与稻壳生物炭(R)按质量比1：1、2 ：1、3：1，再按质量比10:1与蔬菜玉米壳(C)((M+R)10C1、(2M+R)10C1、(3M+R)10C1)混合配置时可以形成优质耕层重构材料；将优质耕层重构材料施入“非粮化”土壤可以显著降低土壤容重、增加土壤有机质及活性养分含量，增强土壤固碳潜力，提高小麦产量。本研究所建立的指标评价体系可以全面客观评价耕层重构材料的综合质量，以苔藓泥炭、稻壳生物炭为原料创制的耕层重构材料在改善土壤质量、提高土壤固碳能力以及恢复作物生产方面均表现出较高的应用价值。 Abstract: Objective Economical crops like seedlings and flowers are frequently sold with soil transplantation practices, which directly leads to the soil plough layer becoming shallow or even stripped and eventually disappearing. This type of "non-grain production of cultivated land" with stripped plough layer can cause soil structure damage, nutrient imbalance, and fertility degradation, thus, it is a serious threat to the foundation of national food security and the healthy development of agriculture. The main problem with the stripped "non-grain production of cultivated land" is the lack of a high-quality plough layer. Therefore, a solution promoting the reconstruction of the high-quality plough layer to meet the fundamental needs of crops is key to replanting these soils. However, there is currently no systematic research aimed at solving this problem. Method A novel plough layer reconstruction material was developed using long-lasting organic materials such as herbal peat, moss peat, rice husk biochar, sawdust biochar, active organic material vegetable corn husk, and microbial inoculants. We employed cluster and principal component analyses to identify the minimum data set of quality evaluation indicators for plough layer reconstruction materials, which was then combined with the quality index model to create a comprehensive quality evaluation system. Result The result showed that the plough layer reconstruction materials with moss peat and rice husk biochar as main raw materials had higher quality and could effectively improve the fertility and compact structure of plough layer damaged soils. This material was characterized by a loose texture, bulk density of 0.1347~0.1466g·cm-3, high capillary porosity (64.83%~67.82%), strong water-holding capacity, high organic matter content (658.85~704.92g·kg-1), and high SOC recalcitrance index of 75.27%~84.71%., with a high potential for sequestration and sink enhancement. The minimum data set constructed with SOC, Labile C, HS, TN, TK, capillary porosity, and pH can be used as a quality evaluation system for plough layer reconstruction materials. Based on the above system, the optimal formulation of the plough layer reconstruction material was screened as follows: when moss peat (M) is mixed and configured with rice husk biochar (R) at mass ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and then 10:1 with vegetable corn husk (C); ((M+R)10C1, (2M+R)10C1, and (3M+R)10C1), a high-quality ploughing layer reconstruction material can be formed. On "non-grain production of cultivated land," the application of selected plough layer reconstruction materials can dramatically lower soil bulk density and raise soil organic matter content by 177.35% to 204.31% compared to the control. Additionally, the treatment also increased the soil's effective nutrient content and soil carbon sequestration potential. The plant height, weight, and number of spikes of wheat were higher than those in the control after the application of the plough layer reconstruction material. This resulted in the yield of wheat being 5.6 times higher than that of the control, which demonstrates the benefit of this type of material for crop growth. Conclusion The indicator evaluation system established by this research can comprehensively and objectively evaluate the overall quality of plough layer reconstruction materials, and the materials created with moss peat and rice husk biochar as raw materials showed high application value in improving soil quality, increasing soil carbon sequestration capacity, and restoring crop production.

摘要: 农业面源污染具有发生分散、随机，排放不确定性，污染物浓度波动大、类型复杂，污染面广量大的特点，其综合防治一直是世界性难题。当前，我国面源污染防控首要的问题为污染“家底”不清，不同部门或研究学者对农业面源污染负荷估算差别大。基于几十年定位、全程的科学观测数据，本研究认为，虽然国家“污普”数据和很多学者的估算数据，都高估了种植业排放量占面源污染总量的比例，但种植业源排放总量仍然很高，必须给予充分的重视和防控。结合中国30多年的面源污染防控经验，中国科学院南京土壤研究所学者提出了农业面源污染控制的3R（“减源-拦截-修复”）和4R策略（“源头减量—生态拦截—循环利用—生态修复”），并伴随着防控技术升级和组合优化、技术产品化和装备化，逐渐完善扩展为4R+，为我国农业面源污染防控提供了理论支撑和应用指导，在一些典型地区进行工程化实施后，形成了农业面源污染防控的成功经验和案例。然而，农业面源污染防控的工作仍然面临着许多挑战，深入了解土壤与污染物之间的相互作用机制将尤为关键，此外，为实现资源的高效循环使用，有必要进一步提高氮、磷等关键污染物的净化与回收效率，确保在增进农业产值的同时降低对环境的污染负荷。 Abstract: Non-point source pollution from agriculture is characterized by its dispersed and random occurrence, uncertain discharge, fluctuating concentrations, diverse pollutant types, and widespread, high-volume impact, making its management a global challenge. At present, the prevention and control of non-point source pollution in China remains a challenge due to unclear overall pollution levels, and the estimation of non-point source pollution load varies greatly among different departments or researchers. Based on decades of site-specific experiments and holistic observational data, we believe that even though both the national pollution census data and estimations from researchers have overestimated the proportion of pollution emissions from plantations in the total amount of non-point source pollution, the total emissions from plantation remain high and must be given adequate attention and control. Drawing on more than 30 years of experience in controlling non-point source pollution in China, scholars from the Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences have proposed the 3R (Reduce-Retain-Restore) and 4R (Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore) strategies for agricultural non-point source pollution control. Accompanied by upgrades in prevention and control technology, optimization of combinations, technological productization, and equipping the 4R strategy has gradually evolved and expanded into 4R+, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the control of non-point source pollution in China. After being implemented in some typical areas, these strategies have resulted in successful experiences and case studies in controlling agricultural non-point source pollution. Nevertheless, the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution still faces many challenges. A deeper understanding of the interaction mechanisms between soil and pollutants is pivotal. Moreover, to achieve efficient resource recycling, it is imperative to enhance the purification and recovery rates of key pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, ensuring that agricultural productivity is increased while simultaneously reducing the environmental pollutant load.

稻田是我国常见的农田类型，通常比相邻旱地具有更高的土壤有机碳和微生物残体碳含量。然而，稻田和旱地土壤有机碳的微生物代谢特征尚不清楚。因此，解析土壤微生物碳代谢对土地利用方式的响应，对设计适当的农田管理 稻田是我国常见的农田类型，通常比相邻旱地具有更高的土壤有机碳和微生物残体碳含量。然而，稻田和旱地土壤有机碳的微生物代谢特征尚不清楚。因此，解析土壤微生物碳代谢对土地利用方式的响应，对设计适当的农田 管理 措施以提高土壤固碳能力至关重要。 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所流域农业环境研究中心研究员吴金水团队，在我国东部四个水稻分布气候区（中温带-黑土、暖温带-潮土、亚热带-红壤和热带-砖红壤）采用配对采样原则，随机采集了240对稻田和旱地表层土壤。科研团队在每个气候区随机选择10对稻田和旱地土壤加入18O-H2O进行短期培养，测定土壤总有机碳的微生物摄取、生长、呼吸和利用效率。结果表明，与寒冷气候区（中温带和暖温带）旱地相比，温暖气候区（亚热带和热带）旱地土壤的微生物生长效率更低、呼吸效率更高。这是由于温暖气候区土壤低pH值和高粘粒含量致使微生物碳代谢从生长向呼吸转变。然而，温暖气候区稻田土壤的微生物的生长和呼吸效率均显著低于寒冷气候区稻田，可能是由于长期淹水抑制了微生物碳代谢对土壤低pH值响应。四个气候区下，稻田较旱地土壤微生物碳摄取效率低，表明稻田土壤有机碳积累过程中微生物参与程度较低；与旱地土壤相比，稻田土壤微生物的生长效率更高、呼吸效率更低，使得稻田土壤微生物碳利用效率更高。稻田和旱地土壤微生物碳利用效率的差异与土壤有机碳和微生物残体碳的差异呈现显著正相关。在微生物碳代谢的角度，稻田较旱地土壤具有更高的有机碳含量，这是由于稻田土壤更弱的微生物碳摄取和更强的合成代谢。因此，强化微生物合成代谢、降低微生物分解代谢的农田管理措施是增加土壤固碳的重要手段。 相关研究成果以Higher microbial C use efficiency in paddy than in adjacent upland soils: evidence from continental scale为题，发表在《土壤和耕作研究》（Soil and Tillage Research）上。研究工作得到国家重点研发计划和国家 自然科学基金 的支持。

    施普林格·自然旗下专业学术期刊《通讯-地球与环境》最新发表一篇农业研究论文认为，通过更均衡的分配使用，全球氮肥总体使用可以降低32%，同时仍维持现有的谷物生产水平。这项研究表明，在全球耕地氮肥再分配有助实现粮食安全并显著降低氮污染。     该论文介绍，谷物作物如玉米、小麦和水稻通常需要使用化学氮肥来生长和增加生产力，现在这部分占全球约60%的氮肥使用，但这些化肥中有很大一部分要么流失到土壤和地下水，增加了更广泛环境里的氮污染，要么作为温室气体一氧化二氮被排放了。这在北美、欧洲和东亚的主要产区尤其是个突出问题，因为这些地方成比例地增加氮肥的施用量。     论文第一作者和通讯作者、德国卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院Andrew Smerald与同事合作，建模了通过在不同地点施用不同比例化肥(每年每亩0-600公斤氮肥)在全球范围重新分配氮肥使用的影响，并对模拟的玉米、小麦和水稻在2015-2030年的总产量进行评估。     他们研究发现，通过从全球传统产粮区重新分配氮肥到未充分利用地区如撒哈拉以南非洲等，尽管总体的化肥使用减少了32%，当前谷物生产水平将能够保持到2030年，因为后者产出的增加将补偿别处的产量下降。经此途径，小麦和玉米的生产可以分别减少45%和33%的氮肥使用而不会减少全球产量，还能分别减少71%和63%的氮流失。     论文作者总结说，更均衡的氮肥全球分配不仅能降低对作物重要产区的依赖，降低重度施肥地区的氮污染，也能支持未充分开发地区如撒哈拉以南非洲实现更好的粮食安全。(完) （原题：《农业研究：全球耕地氮肥再分配有助实现粮食安全并显著降低氮污染》）

《耕地保护与污染治理信息简报》刊载与门户主题相关的中文翻译和汇编等信息。