摘要: 农业面源污染具有发生分散、随机，排放不确定性，污染物浓度波动大、类型复杂，污染面广量大的特点，其综合防治一直是世界性难题。当前，我国面源污染防控首要的问题为污染“家底”不清，不同部门或研究学者对农业面源污染负荷估算差别大。基于几十年定位、全程的科学观测数据，本研究认为，虽然国家“污普”数据和很多学者的估算数据，都高估了种植业排放量占面源污染总量的比例，但种植业源排放总量仍然很高，必须给予充分的重视和防控。结合中国30多年的面源污染防控经验，中国科学院南京土壤研究所学者提出了农业面源污染控制的3R（“减源-拦截-修复”）和4R策略（“源头减量—生态拦截—循环利用—生态修复”），并伴随着防控技术升级和组合优化、技术产品化和装备化，逐渐完善扩展为4R+，为我国农业面源污染防控提供了理论支撑和应用指导，在一些典型地区进行工程化实施后，形成了农业面源污染防控的成功经验和案例。然而，农业面源污染防控的工作仍然面临着许多挑战，深入了解土壤与污染物之间的相互作用机制将尤为关键，此外，为实现资源的高效循环使用，有必要进一步提高氮、磷等关键污染物的净化与回收效率，确保在增进农业产值的同时降低对环境的污染负荷。
Abstract: Non-point source pollution from agriculture is characterized by its dispersed and random occurrence, uncertain discharge, fluctuating concentrations, diverse pollutant types, and widespread, high-volume impact, making its management a global challenge. At present, the prevention and control of non-point source pollution in China remains a challenge due to unclear overall pollution levels, and the estimation of non-point source pollution load varies greatly among different departments or researchers. Based on decades of site-specific experiments and holistic observational data, we believe that even though both the national pollution census data and estimations from researchers have overestimated the proportion of pollution emissions from plantations in the total amount of non-point source pollution, the total emissions from plantation remain high and must be given adequate attention and control. Drawing on more than 30 years of experience in controlling non-point source pollution in China, scholars from the Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences have proposed the 3R (Reduce-Retain-Restore) and 4R (Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore) strategies for agricultural non-point source pollution control. Accompanied by upgrades in prevention and control technology, optimization of combinations, technological productization, and equipping the 4R strategy has gradually evolved and expanded into 4R+, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the control of non-point source pollution in China. After being implemented in some typical areas, these strategies have resulted in successful experiences and case studies in controlling agricultural non-point source pollution. Nevertheless, the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution still faces many challenges. A deeper understanding of the interaction mechanisms between soil and pollutants is pivotal. Moreover, to achieve efficient resource recycling, it is imperative to enhance the purification and recovery rates of key pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, ensuring that agricultural productivity is increased while simultaneously reducing the environmental pollutant load.
