《全球变暖2度的极地地区展望》

  • 来源专题:物理海洋学知识资源中心
  • 编译者: 张灿影
  • 发布时间:2019-12-31
  • 随着2019年成为有记录以来最热的一年,一项新的国际研究揭示了北极变暖的速度有多快,并研究了北极持续变暖的全球后果。在过去的十年里,北极变暖了0.75摄氏度,远远超过了全球平均温度,而南极的温度则保持相对稳定。随着地球变暖接近2℃,北极和南极可能分别达到4℃和2℃的年平均气温,以及7℃和3℃的冬季气温。北极变暖加剧的预期后果包括陆地和海冰的持续减少、对野生动物和传统人类生计的威胁、甲烷排放的增加以及低纬度地区的极端天气。由于生物多样性低,南极生态系统可能容易受到国家转移和物种入侵的影响。这两个地区的海冰损失将对全球海平面上升产生重大影响,如果超过某些临界值,海冰可能上升3米。在没有减少碳排放的情况下,预计气候变暖的主要后果预计将波及极地以外的地区。其中包括北极和南极海冰快速融化导致的海平面上升,以及北半球部分地区极端天气、致命热浪和野火风险增加。

    自十九世纪下旬以来,地球已经变暖了约0.8°C,而北极在同一时期变暖了2°~3°C。相反,南极年平均气温异常的年际和年代际变化比北极更为明显,过去20年没有明显的上升趋势。在空间上,在最近的仪器卫星记录中,观测到的两个区域的变暖明显不均匀,过去13年北极的暖化和暖化的空间变异性都比南极的增加得多。因此,尽管这两个地区在定义季节性和全年冰雪存在等特征上有相似之处,但在应对持续升温的过程中,它们可能面临不同的未来。

    第四个国际极地年(IPY)十周年是一个里程碑,它加强了对极地地区观测到的和预期的变化的关注,还回顾了极地变暖对低纬度地区的副作用,最近已经有证据证明了这一点。仅在过去十年中,北极的温度就比1951~1980年的平均温度升高了0.75℃,而南极则保持了相对稳定。

    最新一代的大气环流模型(CMIP5)表明,即使在中等碳减排轨迹下,北极的暖化速度预计仍将比低纬度地区快得多。预计北极将在全球范围内在全球1981~2005年的基线下,将会达到2°C年平均变暖。相比之下,在南极的年平均气温将略低于2℃,但在适度缓解情况下,南极的年平均气温将略早于全球。在这两种情况下,预计南极暖化仅在南极洲的深秋和冬季会超过全球平均暖化。当达到1981~2005年平均气温2°C以上时,北极可能会经历4°C的年平均气温升高和7°C的晚秋气温升高。特别值得注意的是,在正常情况下,预计到21世纪末北方深秋月份北极将出现13°C的变暖。在这两种情况下,南极的年平均暖化预计将达到约2°C,在南秋和初冬的气候下可能会有更大的变暖。因此,以将全球年平均暖化限制在2℃为目标的碳排放减缓可能不会将北极或南极的年平均暖化限制在2℃以下。然而,碳排放减缓可能会延迟北极2℃年平均暖化阈值的跨越。

    相关论文链接:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/12/eaaw9883

    (郭亚茹 编译,於维樱 审校)

  • 原文来源:https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/12/04/outlook-for-the-polar-regions-in-a-2-degrees-warmer-world/?utm_source=uwhp&utm_medium=tiles&utm_campaign=polar-climate
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