This publication was prepared for the Directorate-General for Energy, the Directorate-General for Climate
Action and the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport by the E3M-Lab of the Institute of Communication and Computer Systems at the National Technical University of Athens (ICCS-NTUA), Greece, in
cooperation with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and EuroCARE and represents those organisations’ views on energy, transport and GHG emissions facts, figures and projections.
These views should not be considered as a statement of the Commission’s or the Directorate-General’s
views.