《【新华网】在麦哲伦海山搜寻神奇的趋磁细菌》

  • 来源专题:中国科学院亮点监测
  • 编译者: yanyf@mail.las.ac.cn
  • 发布时间:2018-08-01
  •         地球磁场既保护地球生物免受太阳风和有害宇宙射线的袭击,也直接影响了部分生物的行为和生理活动。能沿着地磁场磁力线方向运动的趋磁细菌,就是受磁场影响的微生物家族代表。
      正在西太平洋麦哲伦海山进行科技基础资源调查专项综合考察的“科学”号上,来自中国科学院海洋所海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室的潘红苗副研究员,主要从事趋磁细菌研究。“科学”号搭载的“发现”号深海机器人从海山采集的沉积物主要是有孔虫砂,潘红苗在显微镜下仔细观察,期待从中搜寻到趋磁细菌的身影。

      “趋磁细菌在地球上广泛存在,目前已在淡水湖泊、河流、海洋潮间带、潟湖、盐湖等700多种生态环境中发现,其多样性等特征也获得深入研究,”潘红苗说,“但趋磁细菌在深海环境中的群落结构和多样性特征,还缺乏系统性和针对性研究。尤其是在海山特殊环境中的多样性特征,至今还未见系统报道。”

      海山是深海海底独特而普遍的地形之一,生物量和物种丰富度都高。2015年以来,中国科学院海洋所海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室的团队在对西太平洋马里亚纳海山和卡罗琳海山的科学考察中,均发现了趋磁细菌的身影,其中在马里亚纳海山鉴定出14个新属、16个新种。

      鞭毛是细菌的运动器官。在马里亚纳海山,科研团队发现了一类特殊的趋磁细菌,鞭毛以一种前所未见的方式排列,这可能是趋磁细菌适应海山特殊环境的一种特征。相关研究论文已于2017年年底发表在国际权威学术期刊《科学报告》上。

      趋磁细菌为什么能趋磁?

      原来,趋磁细菌能够吸收生活环境中的铁,形成棱柱、立方八面体、子弹头等不同形状的磁小体,呈链状排列。这相当于在菌体内形成一个生物“罗盘”,使细菌能有效感应外界磁场,并利用地球磁场的磁力线快速定位到最佳生态位。

      科学研究发现,趋磁细菌不喜欢生活环境中有过多氧气。为了寻找最适宜的氧浓度环境,南半球的趋磁细菌喜欢沿着磁力线往南运动,北半球的趋磁细菌喜欢往北运动,赤道附近则存在着向南北两个方向运动的趋磁细菌。

      利用这一快速定位特点,趋磁细菌可以在药物研发上大显身手。细菌体内的磁小体提纯后毒性低、生物相容性好,可作为多种药物和大分子化合物的载体,应用于定向治疗肿瘤。

      趋磁细菌在地球上分布广泛、数量众多,参与了铁、硫、碳、氮、磷等元素循环,在海洋生物地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。在一般细菌中,铁仅占细胞干重的0.025%,而趋磁细菌的铁可占3.8%,是一般细菌的百倍以上。

      趋磁细菌死亡后,部分磁小体可形成化石。磁小体化石中携带的古地磁和古环境信息是研究生物地磁学与生物矿化作用的理想“模式生物”,可为科学家重构地球古气候环境提供重要依据。

      潘红苗说,如果在麦哲伦海山的沉积物中搜寻到趋磁细菌,将结合光学和电子显微技术、系统发育学和宏基因组学等方法,研究趋磁细菌在不同海山沉积物之间的分布、种群结构及多样性等特征,分析其与环境因子相关性,并探索海山趋磁细菌特殊种类及进化起源。

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