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Comparing novel small-angle X-ray scattering approaches for absolute size and number concentration measurements of spherical SiO2 particles to established methods
Robin Schürmann1, Anikó Gaál2, Aneta Sikora3, David Ojeda3, Dorota Bartczak3, Heidi Goenaga-Infante3, Virpi Korpelainen4, Bruno SAUVET5, Jerome Deumer1, Zoltán Varga2 and Christian Gollwitzer1
Accepted Manuscript online 11 June 2024
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© 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd
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DOI 10.1088/1361-6528/ad568b
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Author e-mailsrobin.schuermann@ptb.de
Author affiliations1
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin, 10587, GERMANY
2
Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok K?rútja 2, Budapest, H-1117, HUNGARY
3
National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Queens Road, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
4
National Metrology Institute VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, Espoo, FI-02150, FINLAND
5
National Metrology Institute VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, Espoo, FI-02150 , FINLAND
ORCID iDsRobin Schürmann https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-5238Bruno SAUVET https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-4579
Dates
Received 19 January 2024
Revised 15 May 2024
Accepted 11 June 2024
Accepted Manuscript online 11 June 2024
Peer review information
Method: Single-anonymous
Revisions: 1
Screened for originality? Yes
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10.1088/1361-6528/ad568b
Abstract
Biomedical analytical applications, as well as the industrial production of high-quality nano- and submicrometre
particles, require accurate methods to quantify the absolute number concentration of
particles. In this context, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful tool to determine the
particle size and concentration traceable to the Système international d'unités (SI). Therefore,
absolute measurements of the scattering cross-section must be performed, which require precise
knowledge of all experimental parameters, such as the electron density of solvent and particles,
whereas the latter is often unknown. Within the present study, novel SAXS-based approaches to
determine the size distribution, density and number concentrations of sub-micron spherical silica
particles with narrow size distributions and mean diameterss between 160 nm and 430 nm are
presented. For the first-time traceable density and number concentration measurements of silica
particles are presented and current challenges in SAXS measurements such as beam-smearing,
poorly known electron densities and moderately polydisperse samples are addressed. In addition,
and for comparison purpose, atomic force microscopy has been used for traceable measurements of
the size distribution and single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with the
dynamic mass flow approach for the accurate quantification of the number concentrations of silica
particles. The possibilities and limitations of the current approaches are critically discussed in this
study.
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Everyone is permitted to use all or part of the original content in this article, provided that they adhere to all the terms of the licence https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0
Although reasonable endeavours have been taken to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this article, please refer to the Version of Record on IOPscience once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions may be required. All third party content is fully copyright protected and is not published on a gold open access basis under a CC BY licence, unless that is specifically stated in the figure caption in the Version of Record.
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10.1088/1361-6528/ad568b
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